Kufamba kwaNewton: Kunzwisisa Nyika Kubva Pamaonero Anofamba
Kufamba kwehukama ndeimwe yepfungwa huru mufizikisi, zvichitibatsira kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinofamba sei maererano nemuoni angave achifambawo. Izwi rekuti kufamba kwehukama rinoreva kufamba kwakayerwa kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana. Kwemakore anopfuura mazana matatu, musimboti uyu wave uri chikamu chakakosha chemakanika ekare, nekuda kwezvipo zvakakosha zvaIsaac Newton. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora pfungwa yekufamba kwehukama kubva pamaonero eNewtonian, kubva pazvakakosha kusvika pakushandiswa kwayo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nesainzi yemazuva ano.
Nheyo dzeNewtonian Mechanics
Tisati tanyatsoongorora kufamba kwemuviri, zvinobatsira kunzwisisa zvinhu zvekutanga zveNewtonian mechanics. Isaac Newton akagadzira mitemo mitatu yekufamba inoumba musimboti wemakanika ekare:
1. Mutemo weKusagadzikana: Chinhu chinoramba chakazorora kana kufamba mumutsara wakatwasuka nekumhanya kwakasimba kunze kwekunge chamanikidzwa nesimba rekunze.
2. Mutemo weChiito neKuita: Kukurumidza kwechinhu kunoenderana zvakananga nesimba rinoshandiswa kwachiri, uye zvinoenderana nehuremu hwechinhu chacho.
3. Mutemo weChiito neMaitiro: Pachiito chimwe nechimwe, pane maitiro akaenzana uye akasiyana.
Mitemo mitatu iyi, iyo inodzora kufamba kwezvinhu pasi pesimba, inoumbawo hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwedu kufamba kwehukama.
Chii chinonzi Relative Motion?
Kufamba kwechinhu kunosanganisira kuona kufamba kwechinhu kubva panzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekutarisa. Semuenzaniso, fungidzira uri muchitima chiri kufamba. Kubva pamaonero ako neavamwe vafambi, zvinoita sekunge uri kumira wakamira chitima chichifamba. Zvisinei, kune mumwe munhu akamira kunze kwechitima (semuenzaniso, papuratifomu yechiteshi), uri kufamba nechitima.
Maonero akasiyana aya anoratidza kuti kufamba kune mwero; hapana kufamba kwakakwana. Newton akanzwisisa izvi uye akazvibatanidza mumitemo yake yemakanika.
Masisitimu Ekusashanda uye Asiri Ekusashanda
MuNewtonian mechanics, mareferensi ekufamba anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: inertial uye non-inertial systems.
Sisitimu Yekusimba
Inertial system inzira yekutarisa inofamba nekumhanya kusingachinji, zvichireva kuti haina kumhanya zvakanyanya. Muhurongwa uhwu, mitemo yaNewton inoshanda pasina shanduko. Semuenzaniso, kana vacherechedzi vaviri vari muzvitima zviviri vari kufamba nekumhanya kusingachinji vakaona kufamba kwebhora muzvitima zvavo, vachaona bhora richifamba zvichienderana nemitemo yaNewton pasina shanduko.
Sisitimu Isina Kushanda
Kune rumwe rutivi, system isina simba remagetsi isystem yekutarisa iri kukurumidza. Musystem iyi, mitemo yaNewton haishande zvizere kunze kwekunge tafunga nezvemasimba ekunyepedzera akadai seCoriolis force kana centripetal force. Semuenzaniso, kana uri mumotokari iri kukurumidza, uchanzwa uchisundirwa kumashure.
Kuchinja kweGarireya
Imwe yenheyo dzeNewtonian classical mechanics yekunzwisisa kufamba kwehukama ndeyekuchinja kweGalilean. Galileo Galilei, uyo akafuridzira Newton, akataura kuti mitemo yefizikisi inoshanda zvakaenzana mune zvese inertial systems. Fomura yekuchinja kweGalilean inotibvumira kufamba kubva kune imwe inertial system kuenda kune imwe nekuwedzera kana kubvisa relative velocities pakati padzo.
Semuenzaniso, kana chitima chiri kufamba kurudyi nekumhanya \(v\), uye mumwe munhu akakanda bhora mberi muchitima nekumhanya \(u\) zvichienzaniswa nechitima, saka kumhanya kwebhora zvichienzaniswa nepasi ndi \(u + v\). Kuchinja uku kunobatsira zvikuru mukugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji ekufamba mutsika dzekare.
Kushandiswa kweNewton's Relative Motion muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Kunzwisisa kufamba kwemuviri kune zvakunoreva zvakawanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye tekinoroji. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
Kufamba neSetilaiti
Masatellite eGPS anofamba nekumhanya kwakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nepamusoro peNyika. Kuti ipe ruzivo rwakarurama rwenzvimbo, sisitimu yeGPS inofanira kutsanangura mhedzisiro yekufamba kwehukama, kunyanya frequency shift inozivikanwa seDoppler effect. Zvikasadaro, nzvimbo inopihwa nemasatellite inogona kunge isina kururama kusvika pamamita akati wandei.
Transportation
Kutungamirirwa nekugadzirwa kwenzira dzekufambisa, kubva kumigwagwa mikuru kusvika kuzvitima nendege, kunoda kunzwisisa kwakanaka kwemafambiro emotokari. Semuenzaniso, pamharadzano yemigwagwa ine vanhu vakawanda, kunzwisisa kuti mota dzinofamba sei kana dzakabatana kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira tsaona.
Fizikisi neNzvimbo
Vatyairi vendege vari paInternational Space Station (ISS) vari kufamba nekumhanya kwakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nePasi. Kunzwisisa mafambiro endege kunovabvumira kuverenga mafambiro anodiwa kuti vatenderere zvakanaka kana kusangana nezvimwe zvitundumuseremusere.
Kusiyana nedzidziso yehukama
Vanhu vazhinji vanowanzo sanganisa Newtonian relativity motion nedzidziso yaAlbert Einstein ye relativity. Kunyange zvazvo zvose zvichipa kunzwisisa relativity motion, pane musiyano mukuru pakati pazvo.
Kuwirirana Kwakakosha
Dzidziso yaEinstein ye relativity yakaunza pfungwa yekuti kwete kumhanya kushoma chete, asiwo nguva nenzvimbo zvinokanganiswa nekumhanya kwechinhu chiri kusvika pakumhanya kwechiedza. MuNewtonian framework, nguva yaionekwa sechinhu chisingachinji chakafanana kune vese vanocherechedza, asi Einstein akaratidza kuti nguva inogona kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kana tichienzanisa nemucherechedzi ari mumamiriro ekufamba nekukurumidza.
Kuwirirana Kwakazara
Einstein akawedzerawo pfungwa yekufamba kwechinhu kuburikidza nedzidziso yake ye relativity, iyo yakaunza simba regiravhiti pakukombama kwenzvimbo nenguva. Izvi zvakasiyana zvakanyanya nemaonero aNewton, apo giravhiti yaionekwa sesimba rinoshanda pakarepo mu "absolute space".
Mhedziso
Kufamba kwehukama ipfungwa huru yakagadzirwa naIsaac Newton uye inotsigira misimboti yakawanda yemakanika ekare. Kunzwisisa kufamba kwehukama kunotibvumira kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinofamba sei uye kupa tsananguro dzakarurama mune akasiyana masisitimu ekutarisa. Kubva pakushandurwa kweGalilean kusvika kumashandisirwo azvo ezuva nezuva, kufamba kwehukama kunoramba kwakakosha uye kunobatsira mufizikisi yekare.
Pasinei nekusiyana kukuru pakati pemakanika ekare nedzidziso yaEinstein yerelativity, mipiro yaNewton mukunzwisisa kwedu kufamba kwehukama ichiri chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yesainzi. Kusvika nhasi, pfungwa yekufamba kwehukama inobatsira vanhu muminda yakasiyana-siyana, kubva patekinoroji yezuva nezuva kusvika pakutsvaga muchadenga.
