Nzira dzeSeismic Tomography muGeophysics
Kuongororwa kwepasi pevhu inzira ine simba uye yepamusoro inoshandiswa mu geophysics kuongorora pasi pevhu. Nekutsanangura kupararira kwemafungu epasi pevhu anokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa kana zvakagadzirwa, nyanzvi dze geophysicists dzinogona kugadzira mifananidzo yakadzama yemukati menyika. Nzira iyi yakafanana ne CT yekurapa (computed tomography) scans asi pamwero mukuru. Inobatsira kudzidza maumbirwo e geology, maumbirwo, uye maitiro anochinja-chinja anoitika mukati meNyika. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa misimboti, nzira, mashandisirwo, uye kufambira mberi kwazvino mu seismic tomography mu geophysics.
Nheyo dzeSeismic Tomography
Kuongororwa kwepasi penyika kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekuongorora mafungu epasi penyika. Mafungu aya, anosanganisira mafungu ekutanga (P), mafungu echipiri (S), uye mafungu epamusoro penyika, anofamba nepasi uye anokanganiswa nemaitiro ezvinhu zvaanofamba nazvo. Kusiyana kwekukurumidza kwemafungu uye mwero wekudzikira kwechiedza kunopa ruzivo nezvezvinhu zviri pasi penyika.
Maitiro acho anotanga nekunyorwa kwemafungu epasi pevhu pazviteshi zvakawanda zve seismograph. Kana mafungu aya akasangana nekugadzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwe geology, kumhanya kwawo, kutungamira, uye amplitude zvinochinja. Nekuyera nguva dzekufamba nenzira dzemafungu epasi pevhu kubva kwaanobva kuenda kune yega yega seismograph, nyanzvi dze geophysicists dzinogona kufungidzira hunhu hwezvikamu zvepasi pevhu.
Nzira dzeSeismic Tomography
1. Tomography yeNguva Yekufamba
Kuongororwa kwenguva yekufamba ndiyo nzira iri nyore uye inoshandiswa kakawanda. Inosanganisira kuyera nguva inotora kuti mafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika afambe kubva kunzvimbo kuenda kuchinhu chinoona nezvekufamba. Muenzaniso wemasvomhu unoshandiswa panzira iyi wakavakirwa pakufungidzira kuti kusiyana kwekukurumidza kuri munzira yemafungu. Nekushandisa maalgorithms ekuchinja, data renguva yekufamba rinoshandurwa kuita modhi yekukurumidza iyo inotarisa zvivakwa zvepasi pevhu. Mamodheru aya anogona kuratidza ruzivo nezvemaumbirwo akasiyana-siyana e geology, mitsetse yezvikanganiso, uye kunyange magma chambers.
2. Kuyera kweAmplitude Tomography
Nzira iyi inotarisa pakuchinja kwehukuru hwemafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika sezvaanopararira kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zviri pasi pevhu. Kusiyana kwehukuru kunogona kuratidza musiyano muhunhu hwezvinhu zvakaita sehuwandu uye porosity. Amplitude tomography inonyanya kubatsira pakuona nzvimbo dzakazadzwa nemvura uye kuona shanduko mukumanikidzwa nekupisa mukati mePasi.
3. Kuchinja-chinja kweWaveform Yakazara (FWI)
Kuchinja-chinja kwehuwandu hwemafungu inzira yakanyanya kuomarara inoshandisa seismic waveform yese pane kungofamba nguva kana amplitudes chete. FWI ine chinangwa chekuderedza musiyano uripo pakati pemafungu anoonekwa neekugadzirwa nekugadzira nekugadzira modhi yezvimiro zvepasi pevhu. Nzira iyi inorema zvakanyanya asi inopa mufananidzo wakadzama uye wakarurama wepasi pevhu. FWI inogona kuratidza zvinhu zvepasi pevhu zvakanaka izvo zvingasaonekwa nenzira dziri nyore.
4. Kudzikiswa kweMamiriro ekunze kwepasi (Seismic Attenuation Tomography)
Kudzikira kwesimba repasi (seismic attenuation) zvinoreva kurasikirwa nesimba sezvo mafungu epasi (seismic waves) achifamba nepasi. Nekuyera kudzikira kwehukuru uye frequency yehuwandu hwemafungu epasi (seismic waves), attenuation tomography inogona kupa ruzivo rwezvinhu zvepasi, zvakaita sekupisa, kunyunguduka kwechikamu, kana kuti fluid saturation. Attenuation tomography inonyanya kubatsira munzvimbo dzinoputika kuti ionekwe kuvapo kwemagma bodies.
5. Crustal uye Mantle Tomography
Nekushandisa mafungu akadzika ekudengenyeka kwenyika anofamba pamusoro pegomba rePasi nepasi, nyanzvi dzezvefizikisi dzinogona kudzidza nezvezvivakwa zvakakura. Crustal tomography inotarisa pane hunhu uye kuumbwa kwegomba rePasi, ukuwo mantle tomography inotarisa zvakadzama mukuchinja kwegomba. Mamodheru aya anobatsira kunzwisisa maitiro etectonic, akadai se subduction uye mantle plumes, izvo zvine zvazvinoreva pakushanduka kwekupisa nemakemikari kwePasi.
Mashandisirwo eSeismic Tomography
1. Tsvagiridzo yeKudengenyeka Kwenyika
Imwe yenzira huru dzekushandisa seismic tomography ndeyekudzidza nezvekudengenyeka kwenyika. Nekufananidza nzvimbo dzezvikanganiso nenzvimbo dze subduction, nyanzvi dze geophysics dzinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro ekugadzirwa kwekudengenyeka kwenyika. Ruzivo urwu runogona kutungamira mukuvandudzwa kwekuongorora njodzi dzekudengenyeka kwenyika uye nzira dzekugadzirira.
2. Kutsvaga Zviwanikwa
Kuongororwa kwepasi pevhu kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsvaga zviwanikwa zvechisikigo zvakaita semafuta, gasi, uye zvicherwa. Nekufungidzira pasi pevhu, nyanzvi dzezvepasi pevhu dzinogona kuona nzvimbo dzinogona kuchengetwa, kufungidzira saizi yadzo, uye kuongorora kushanda kwadzo muhupfumi. Kushandiswa uku kwakakosha mubazi remagetsi uye indasitiri yekuchera zvicherwa.
3. Kuputika kwemakomo
Kudzidza nharaunda dzinoputika nemakomo kuburikidza nekuongorora kwepasi kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pemakamuri e "magma" nenzira dzinofamba nadzo. Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha pakuongorora njodzi dzinoitika pakuputika kwemakomo, kufanotaura kuputika kwemakomo, uye kuronga nzira dzekuderedza njodzi idzi.
4. Simba reGeothermal
Kuongororwa kwepasi pevhu (seismic tomography) kunoita basa guru mukutsvaga zviwanikwa zvesimba repasi pevhu. Nekuronga kugoverwa kwekupisa pasi pevhu uye kuona nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura inopisa, nzira iyi inobatsira pakuwana nzvimbo dzinoshanda dzekugadzira simba repasi pevhu, zvichibatsira mukusimudzira simba rinogara kwenguva refu.
5. Mapuleti eTectonics uye Mantle Dynamics
Kuburikidza ne crustal ne mantle tomography, masayendisiti anogona kuongorora maitiro anotyaira plate tectonics uye mantle convection. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kushanduka-shanduka kwenguva refu kwePasi uye kupararira kwezvinhu zve geological pasi rose.
Kufambira Mberi Munguva Pfupi Yapfuura muSeismic Tomography
1. Maitiro Ekuvandudza Makomputa
Kufambira mberi munguva pfupi yapfuura musimba remakombiyuta nemaalgorithms kwakavandudza zvikuru kururama uye kugadziriswa kwemamodeli e tomography ye seismic. Kudzidzira kwemuchina uye huchenjeri hwekugadzira zviri kubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa data uye maalgorithms e inversion, zvichitungamira kumhedzisiro inokurumidza uye chaiyo.
2. Network dzepasi rose dzeSeismic
Kuwedzera kwema network epasi rose needunhu kwakaita kuti pave neruzivo rwemhando yepamusoro rwema "seismic". Ma "seismometry" akawanda anopa ruzivo rwakakwana, zvichibvumira kuti pave neongororo dzakadzama dze "tomography" pamatunhu ese epasi rose.
3. Kuongororwa kweRuzha Rwemhepo
Kuongororwa kweruzha rwemhepo kunoshandisa ruzha rwekutenderera kwepasi, rwunobva mumabasa echisikigo nevanhu, kuti vaone zviri pasi penyika. Nzira iyi inobvumira kugara uchitarisa uye uchitora mifananidzo pasina chikonzero chekushandisa manyuko ekudengenyeka kwenyika, zvichiita kuti ive mhinduro inodhura uye isingakuvadzi.
4. Kutarisa Kudzikira Kwepasi Kwenguva
Kuongororwa kweseismic tomography panguva, kana kuti 4D tomography, kunosanganisira kudzokororwa kwemifananidzo yenzvimbo imwe chete nekufamba kwenguva. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kuongorora mashandiro akaita sekufamba kwemvura, kupera kwenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura, uye kuputika kwemakomo. Inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo dziri pasi pevhu.
mhedziso
Kuongororwa kwepasi pevhu (seismic tomography) chishandiso chakakosha mu geophysics, chinoita kuti pave nekuongorora nekunzwisisa pasi pevhu nemazvo. Kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai se travel-time tomography, amplitude tomography, full-waveform inversion, uye seismic attenuation tomography, nyanzvi dze geophysicists dzinogona kuongorora zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zve geological. Nekushandiswa kunobva pakutsvaga kudengenyeka kwenyika nekutsvaga zviwanikwa kusvika kuongororo dzemakomo ne geothermal energy, kuongororwa kwepasi pevhu kuri kuramba kuchikurudzira kufambira mberi mune zvesainzi yepasi. Sezvo matekiniki emakombiyuta nema network e seismic achichinja, ramangwana rine mikana inonakidza yemifananidzo yakadzama uye yakarurama yemukati meNyika, zvichivhura ruzivo rutsva nezvehunhu hwepasi redu.
