Nheyo dzedzidziso yeElasticity muGeophysics
Dzidziso yeElasticity chinhu chakakosha mu geophysics chinobatsira masayendisiti nemainjiniya kunzwisisa nekufanotaura maitiro ezvinhu zvePasi pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekumanikidzwa. Dzidziso iyi, yakavakirwa mu continuum mechanics, inoongorora kuti zvinhu zvinoshanduka sei uye zvinodzokera sei kuchimiro chazvo chepakutanga kana zvaiswa pasi pemasimba. Mu geophysics, inoshanda kune zviitiko zvakaita sekupararira kwemafungu e seismic, fault mechanics, uye mhinduro yePasi pazviitiko zvekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu.
Pfungwa huru dzeElasticity
Kushungurudzika uye Kushungurudzika
Pakati pedzidziso ye elasticity pane pfungwa dzekushushikana uye kumanikidzwa. Kushushikana kunotsanangurwa sesimba remukati pachikamu chimwe nechimwe chinokura mukati mechinhu nekuda kwemutoro wekunze. Ihuwandu hwe tensor hune mayuniti esimba pachikamu chimwe nechimwe (Pascals, Pa). Kushushikana kunogona kuva kwakajairika (kwakatarisana nepamusoro) kana kucheka (kwakafanana nepamusoro).
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusvuta kunotsanangura kuchinja kwechinhu nekuda kwekusvuta kwakashandiswa. Huwandu husina chiyero uye hunogona kunzwisiswa sekuchinja kwehurefu kwakakamurwa nehurefu hwepakutanga (kana kuri kusvuta kwakatarwa). Kusvuta kunogonawo kuratidzwa maererano nekuchinja kwekona kwestress yekusvuta.
Mutemo waHooke
Imwe yenheyo dzakakosha pakusimba kwechinhu iMutemo waHooke, uyo unoti kusimba kwechinhu kunoenderana nekusimba kunoshandiswa mukati memuganhu wekusimba kwechinhu ichocho. Pamasvomhu, hukama uhwu hunogona kuratidzwa se:
\[ \sigma = E \epsilon \]
kupi:
– \(\sigma\) ndiko kushushikana,
– \(E\) ndiyo modulus yekusimba kana modulus yaYoung,
– \(\epsilon\) ndiyo mhando yeropa.
Mutemo uyu unokosha pakunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvepanyika zvinozvibata sei kana paine madiki madiki.
Mamodule eElastic
Mamoduli akawanda elastiki anotsanangura kuomarara kwezvinhu uye maitiro azvo mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekumanikidzwa. Mamoduli makuru anosanganisira:
Young's Modulus (E)
Modulus yaYoung inoyera kuomarara kwechinhu ichi ichipindura kumanikidzwa kweuniaxial. Inotsanangurwa sechiyero chekumanikidzwa kwakajairika kune kumanikidzwa kwemutsara.
Shear Modulus (G)
Shear Modulus, inozivikanwawo semodulus of rigidity, inoyera mhinduro yezvinhu zvacho pakuoma kweganda. Inotsanangurwa sechiyero chekuoma kweganda kune kuoma kweganda.
Modulus yeBulk (K)
Modulus yeBulk inoyera mhinduro yezvinhu kudzvinyiriro yakaenzana. Inotsanangurwa sechiyero chekudzvinyirirwa kwevolumetric kune kudzvinyirirwa kwevolumetric uye inokosha pakunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinodzvinyirirwa sei pasi pekudzvinyirirwa.
Chiyero chePoisson (ν)
Chiyero chePoisson ndicho chiyero chekumanikidzwa kwedivi neaxial mune chinhu chiri pasi pesimba re uniaxial. Chinopa ruzivo rwekuti chinhu chacho chinokura kana kupfupika munzira dzakatwasuka kuenda kumutoro wakarimwa.
Mafungu Akadzikama muGeophysics
Kupararira kwemafungu eSeismic ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekushandisa dzidziso ye elasticity mu geophysics. Kana kushushikana kuchishandiswa paganda rePasi, kunogadzira mafungu e elastic anofamba nepakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zve geological. Mafungu aya e seismic anoiswa muzvikamu zvakaita semafungu emuviri nemafungu epamusoro.
Mafungu Emuviri
Mafungu emuviri anofamba nepakati penyika uye anoiswa muzvikamu zvinotevera:
– Mafungu eP (Mafungu ekutanga): Aya mafungu ekumanikidza anofamba nekukurumidza uye anofamba nepakati pezvinhu zvakasimba uye zvine mvura. Mafungu eP anoita kuti zvidimbu zviri pakati nepakati zvitenderere zvakaenzana nekwakatangira kupararira kwemafungu.
– Mafungu eS (Mafungu echipiri): Aya mafungu ekucheka anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura mafungu eP uye anogona kungofamba nepakati pezvinhu zvakasimba. Mafungu eS anoita kuti zvidimbu zvitenderere zvakananga kune kwainobva mafungu.
Mafungu Epamusoro
Mafungu epamusoro anofamba pamusoro penyika uye anowanzova nehukuru hwakakura uye hurefu kupfuura mafungu emuviri. Akakamurwa kuita:
– Mafungu eRayleigh: Mafungu aya anokonzera kufamba kwedenderedzwa mudenga rakamira uye anokonzera kufamba kwepasi kwakamira uye kwakatwasuka.
– Mafungu erudo: Izvi zvinokonzera kufamba kwekucheka kwakatwasuka kwakatarisana nekwakapararira mafungu uye hazviburitse kufamba kwakatwasuka.
Mhinduro yePasi Inopfava Pakurodha
Dzidziso yeElasticity inobatsirawo kutsanangura maitiro ePasi pazviitiko zvekutakurwa nekuburitswa kwezvinhu, zvakaita sekutenderera kwechando, kugadzika kwematope, uye mafambiro etectonic.
Kusagadzikana kwemuviri
Isostasy ipfungwa inotsanangura kuenzana kwegiravhiti pakati pe lithosphere yePasi ne asthenosphere. Kana huremu hwawedzerwa kana kubviswa kubva ku lithosphere (semuenzaniso, machira echando achikura kana kunyunguduka), lithosphere inoshanduka kuita elastic uye inogadzirisa nzvimbo yayo kuti irambe yakaenzana. Maitiro aya akakosha pakunzwisisa kudzoserwa kwemvura mushure mechando uye kushanduka kwemabheseni.
Makanika ezvikanganiso
Dzidziso yeElasticity inobatsira kunzwisisa mashandiro efault mechanics uye maitiro ematombo panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika. Dzidziso ye elastic rebound inotsanangura kuti kushushikana kunoungana sei pamutsetse wefault nekuda kwemasimba e tectonic. Kana kushushikana kwacho kuchipfuura muganho we elastic wedombo, kunokonzera kuburitswa kwesimba kamwe kamwe, zvichikonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika. Kudzidza nezvekuunganidzwa kwe elastic strain nekuburitswa kwayo kunobatsira mukuongorora njodzi dzekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kufanotaura kudengenyeka kwenyika.
Masvomhu eElasticity
Kuumbwa kwemasvomhu kwe elasticity kunosanganisira kugadzirisa partial differential equations (PDEs) dzinotsanangura maitiro ekushushikana uye stress mu continuous media. Ma equations ekutanga anosanganisira:
Kuenzana kweEquations
Maequations e equilibrium anovimbisa kuti huwandu hwemasimba nenguva dziri mukati mechinhu dziri zero, zvichichengetedza mamiriro ekuenzana. Izvi zvinobva mumitemo yaNewton yekufamba.
Zviyero zveConstitutive
Maequations aya anotsanangura mhinduro yechinhu pakumanikidzwa uye kumanikidzwa, kazhinji inomiririrwa neMutemo waHooke wekuti zvinhu zvinochinjika zviri nyore. Maequations anosimbisa kumanikidzwa anobatanidza ma tensor ekumanikidzwa ne ma tensor ekumanikidzwa achishandisa elastic moduli.
Kuenderana kweEquations
Maequations ekuenderana anoita kuti zvikamu zve strain zvienderane ne deformation yezvinhu uye zvinodzivirira kuitika kwe deformations dzisingagoneke mumuviri.
Miganhu Conditions
Kuti tigadzirise maPDE anotonga kusimba kwesimbi, mamiriro emiganhu akakodzera anofanira kushandiswa. Mamiriro aya anotsanangura maitiro echinhu pamiganhu yacho, senge zvinotsigira zvakagadzika kana mitoro yakaiswa.
Mashandisirwo Anoshanda muGeophysics
Kuongorora Kwepasi Pose
Dzidziso ye elasticity inokosha pakutsvaga kwe seismic inoshandiswa mukutsvaga mafuta negasi. Nekuongorora kupararira kwemafungu e seismic kuburikidza nematombo ari pasi pevhu, nyanzvi dze geophysicists dzinogona kufungidzira kuvapo kwemahydrocarbon uye zvivakwa zve geological.
Uinjiniya hweKudengenyeka Kwenyika
Kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvePasi zvinopfava kunobatsira pakugadzira zvivakwa zvisingapindi kudengenyeka kwenyika. Mainjiniya anoshandisa dzidziso yepfava kuratidza maitiro epasi pakusangana nemafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kugadzira makodhi ekuvaka anovimbisa kuti zvivakwa zvacho zvakachengeteka panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Geotechnical Engineering
Muinjiniya wezve geotechnical, dzidziso yekusimba inoshandiswa kuongorora kugadzikana kwemateru, kugadzira nheyo, uye kuongorora maitiro evhu nematombo ari pasi pemutoro. Inobatsira mukufanotaura nzvimbo dzepasi uye kugadzira masisitimu ekutsigira anoshanda ematanho ekuchera.
Kutarisa Geophysical
Dzidziso ye elasticity ine basa guru mukutarisa nekududzira kushanduka kwevhu kune chekuita nekuputika kwemakomo, kudengenyeka kwenyika kunokonzerwa nedura, uye kudzikira kwevhu. Nekuongorora maitiro ekushanduka kwevhu, masayendisiti anogona kuongorora njodzi dzinogona kuitika uye kuderedza njodzi.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yeElasticity ndiyo musimboti we geophysics, ichipa hurongwa hwakakwana hwekunzwisisa maitiro ezvinhu zvePasi pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekumanikidzwa. Nekudzidza hukama hwekumanikidzwa, mafungu e elastic, uye mhinduro yePasi pakurema, masayendisiti nemainjiniya vanogona kutsanangura kuoma kwezviitiko zve geological uye kugadzira mashandisirwo anoshanda ekutsvaga zviwanikwa, kuderedza kudengenyeka kwenyika, uye geotechnical engineering. Kuenderera mberi kwedzidziso ye elasticity pasina mubvunzo kuchawedzera kugona kwedu kunzwisisa nekufamba nehurongwa hweNyika hunoshanduka.
