Nhoroondo yeKushanduka kweMhepo yePasi
Mhepo yepasi haisi chinhu chisingachinji. Yakachinja zvakanyanya kubvira pakatanga pasi pano makore angangoita mabhiriyoni mana nehafu apfuura. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe munhoroondo yekushanduka kwemhepo yePasi chakakanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuputika kwemakomo, maitiro ejiyo, uye kubuda nekushanduka kwehupenyu panyika. Chinyorwa chino chinangwa ndechekutsanangura nhoroondo refu yekushanduka kwemhepo yePasi, kubva pakutanga kwayo kusvika pari zvino.
Matanho Ekutanga Emhepo Yekutanga
Nyika payakatanga kuumbwa, mhepo yayo yekutanga yaidzorwa nemagasi akavharirwa mu solar nebula. Mhepo iyi yekare yaisanganisira hydrogen (H2) ne helium (He), ine kabhoni dhayiokisaidhi (CO2), nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), nemamwe magasi akanaka. Nekuti huremu hweNyika hwaive hudiki uye tembiricha yayo yaive yakakwira kwazvo panguva iyoyo, magasi mazhinji akareruka, akadai se hydrogen ne helium, akapukunyuka muchadenga.
Kuputika kwakanyanya kwePasi diki kwakaitawo basa guru mukuumbwa kwemhepo iyi yekutanga. Rudzi urwu rwechiitiko runozivikanwa sekuputika kwemhepo, uko magasi akadai secarbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide (SO2), uye mhute yemvura (H2O) akaburitswa mumhepo.
Nguva Yechipiri Yemhepo
Pasi paraitonhora, kuputika kwemakomo kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi, zvichikonzera mhepo yechipiri. Makore angangoita mabhiriyoni mana apfuura, mhepo yepasi yainyanya kuve necarbon dioxide, utsi hwemvura, methane, uye ammonia. Nguva iyi inokosha nekuti utsi hwemvura hwakaburitswa hwakatanga kuungana ndokuumba makungwa mushure mekunge Pasi ratonhora zvakakwana kuti mvura irambe iri muchimiro chemvura chakagadzikana.
Nyanzvi dzezve geology dzinotenda kuti makungwa ekutanga ePasi akaita basa guru mukuderedza huwandu hwecarbon dioxide mumhepo. CO2 inonyunguduka mumvura yegungwa uye inopindirana nezvicherwa pasi pegungwa kuti igadzire matombo ecarbonate, akadai secalcium carbonate. Maitiro aya akabatsira kuderedza huwandu hweCO2 mumhepo uye akabvumira tembiricha yePasi kudzikira uye kuramba yakagadzikana.
Kubuda kweHupenyu neMhepo Inodzikira
Makore angangoita mabhiriyoni matatu nehafu apfuura, zviratidzo zvekutanga zvehupenyu hwehutachiona zvakatanga kuoneka. Archaea nemabhakitiriya, zvisikwa zviri nyore zveprokaryotic, zvakaonekwa mumakungwa ndokutanga kushandura kudyidzana kwemakemikari munzvimbo yazvo. Methanogens, rudzi rwearchaea runoburitsa methane sechibereko chemetabolism yavo, rwakawedzera huwandu hwemethane mumhepo.
Mhepo iyi yakaramba iri mumamiriro ezvinhu anoderedza zvakanyanya okisijeni, isina okisijeni yakakwana. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti okisijeni yakawanda yakabudiswa kubva pakutanga kwe photosynthesis yaisangana zvakananga nezvinhu zviri mugomba repasi nemakungwa, zvakaita sesimbi, kuti iumbe iron oxide.
Chimurenga cheOxygen: Chiitiko Chikuru cheOxidation
Chimwe chezvishanduko zvakakosha munhoroondo yemhepo yePasi chakaitika panguva yeLate Precambrian, pakati pemakore 2,5 ne2,3 bhiriyoni apfuura, inozivikanwa seGreat Oxidation Event (GOE). Zvisikwa zvePhotosynthetic, zvakaita secyanobacteria, zvakatanga kugadzira okisijeni kuburikidza nephotosynthesis.
Pakutanga, izvi zvaigadzira okisijeni yaisangana nezvinhu zviri nyore kuoxidized, zvakaita sesimbi nesarufa, mumakungwa. Zvinhu izvi zvakawanda pazvainge zvaoxidized, okisijeni yakatanga kuungana mumhepo.
Migumisiro yechiitiko ichi yaive yakakura. Kuunganidzwa kweokisijeni mumhepo kwakaita kuti pave ne ozone layer (O3), iyo inodzivirira pasi penyika kubva kuzuva rinokuvadza re ultraviolet (UV). Uyezve, okisijeni yakagonesawo kukura kwe biosphere yakaoma, kusanganisira hupenyu hwe aerobic hunoshanda zvakanyanya pakugadzira simba.
Nguva yeMesozoic uye Kupesvedzera kweBiogeochemical Cycles
Munguva yeMesozoic Era (makore 252 kusvika mamiriyoni 66 apfuura), kutenderera kwecarbon dioxide kwakaita basa guru mukudzora tembiricha yemhepo uye maumbirwo ayo. Nguva iyi yaisanganisira kuputika kwehupenyu uye kutsakatika kwezvisikwa zvakawanda zvakakanganisa huwandu nemarudzi emiti nemhuka, izvo, zvakare, zvakachinja maumbirwo emhepo.
Maitiro e biogeochemical, akadai sekutenderera kwekabhoni, anotungamirwa nemiti, makungwa, nematombo, zvichikanganisa kuchinja kwehuwandu hweokisijeni nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi panguva. Semuenzaniso, munguva yeCretaceous, kuwedzera kwekushanda kwe tectonic kwakakonzera kubviswa kwegasi kubva mugomo rinoputika, izvo zvakaburitsa CO2 uye zvakadziisa mamiriro ekunze epasi rose.
Eocene neCarbon Dioxide
Makore angangoita mamiriyoni makumi mashanu nematanhatu kusvika makumi matatu nematatu nepfumbamwe apfuura, Nyika yakapinda muCenozoic Era, kunyanya Eocene Epoch. Munguva iyi, tembiricha yepasi rose yakasvika pakakwirira muEarly Eocene, nguva inozivikanwa seEocene Thermal Maximum. Kuwanda kweCO2 kwakakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwetembiricha yepasi rose.
Zvirimwa nemhuka zvakajairana nemamiriro aya ekudziya. Zvisinei, pakupera kweEocene, huwandu hweCO2 hwakatanga kudzikira, zvichikonzera kutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma pasi rose uye kutanga kwenguva yechando yeOligocene.
Mhepo Yemazuva Ano Nekukanganiswa Kwakaitwa Vanhu
Mumazana emakore apfuura, uye kunyanya kubva paKuchinja Kwemaindasitiri, mabasa evanhu akaunza shanduko huru mukuumbwa kwemhepo yepasi. Kupiswa kwemafuta efossil kunoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwecarbon dioxide, methane, nezvimwe zvinhu mumhepo, zvichikurumidzisa kudziya kwepasi rose.
Ongororo inoratidza hukama hwakasimba pakati pekuwedzera kwemhepo inoburitsa magasi anokonzera kudziya kwepasi uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kusanganisira kuwedzera kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa, kunyunguduka kwechando, kukwira kwehuwandu hwegungwa, uye kuchinja kwemaitiro ekunaya kwemvura.
Uyezve, mabasa evanhu anokanganisawo nitrogen nesarufa kuburikidza nekushandisa fetereza, kupisa mafuta efossil, uye kuparadzwa kwemasango. Zvinhu zvakaita semvura ine acid uye mvura inonaya mugungwa zvinoratidza zvakananga kuti izvi zvinokanganisa sei.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ePasi inyaya yakaoma yekudyidzana pakati penzvimbo, biosphere, hydrosphere, uye mhepo pachayo. Kubva pamamiriro ekunze ekutanga, asina okisijeni kusvika kumamiriro ekunze akapfuma neokisijeni anotsigira hupenyu hwakaoma, chikamu chimwe nechimwe mukushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ePasi chinoratidza kuenzana kuri pakati pezvinhu zvakasikwa uye, mumazana emakore achangopfuura, pesvedzero yevanhu. Kunzwisisa nhoroondo yemamiriro ekunze ePasi hakusi kungonzwisisa zvakapfuura zvepasi redu chete, asiwo kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuchengetedza mamiriro edu ekunze aripo iye zvino neemangwana.
