Maitiro Ekugadzira Marasha
Pendauluan
Marasha ifuru yemafuta ine basa guru mukuwanikwa kwesimba pasi rose. Kunyangwe marasha ave ari musimboti weindasitiri kweanopfuura mazana maviri emakore, vazhinji vachiri kusaziva nezvemaitiro marefu uye echisikigo anodiwa kuti mafuta aya agadzire. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora kuti marasha anoumbwa sei, kubva padanho rekutanga sezvinhu zvakasikwa kusvika pazvinhu zvinokosha zvatinochera uye zvatinoshandisa nhasi.
Tsanangudzo uye Mhando dzeMarasha
Tisati takurukura nezvemaitiro ekuumbwa kwemarasha, zvakakosha kutanga tanzwisisa kuti marasha chii. Marasha idombo remasero rinoumbwa nekabhoni (C) nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sehydrogen, oxygen, sarufa, uye nitrogen. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemarasha zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekushanduka kwawo kwemuviri nemakemikari: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, uye anthracite, ayo anokura uye ane kabhoni yakawanda sezvo huwandu hwekuchinja hunowedzera.
Mhando dzeMarasha
1. Lignite: Lignite ndiyo mhando yemarasha yemhando yepamusoro yakaderera, ine kabhoni inosvika 25-35%. Iine ruvara rwebrown yakasviba uye ine chimiro chisina kusimba.
2. Sub-bituminous: Rudzi urwu rune kabhoni iri pakati pe35-45% uye rwemhando yepamusoro kupfuura lignite.
3. Bituminous: Ine kabhoni inosvika 45-85%. Iyi ndiyo mhando yemarasha anoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi.
4. Anthracite: Rudzi rwemhando yepamusoro-soro rune kabhoni inopfuura 85%, rune simba rakawanda uye runogadzira kusvibiswa kushoma.
Matanho eKugadzira Marasha
Maitiro ekuumbwa kwemarasha anozivikanwa se coalification. Iyi inzira inosanganisira kushandurwa kwezvinomera zvakavigwa kuita marasha kuburikidza nematanho akati wandei: kuora kweorganic, kugadzirwa kwepeat, uye kushandurwa kuita mhando dzakasiyana dzemarasha.
1. Kuunganidzwa kweZvinhu Zvakasanganiswa
Danho rekutanga rekuumbwa kwemarasha rakatanga mamiriyoni emakore apfuura apo miti mikuru yaigara mumadhamu ekare yakadonha youngana pasi pedhamu. Miti iyi, yakaita semafern makuru nemiti ine minzwa, yakaungana yakawanda, ichiumba jira gobvu rezvinhu zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa sepeat.
2. Kuumbwa kwePeat
Madota ndiwo danho rekutanga mukubatanidza maruva. Zvinhu zvepanyama zvinounganidzwa pasi pemvura zvinofukidzwa nemvura nevhu, izvo zvinoderedza okisijeni, nokudaro zvichidzivirira kuora zvachose nemabhakitiriya e aerobic. Mabhakitiriya asina simba anobata zvinhu izvi zvishoma nezvishoma. Maitiro aya anogadzira dota rine mvura yakawanda uye kabhoni shoma.
3. Maitiro Ekuunganidza uye Kubuda Kweropa
Peat inozobva yavigwa nedzimwe tsvina, kusanganisira jecha nejecha, uye yodzvanywa zvakadzika muvhu. Kumanikidzwa nekupisa mukati mezvikamu zve sedimentary zvinowedzera nekufamba kwenguva, zvichitanga kushandurwa kwepeat kuita lignite, danho rekutanga remarasha chaiwo. Maitiro aya anozivikanwa se diagenesis.
4. Sub-bituminous
Sezvo kumanikidzwa nekupisa zvichiramba zvichikwira, lignite inoramba ichichinja makemikari nemuviri kuti ive sub-bituminous. Padanho iri, chimiro chemasero emuti chinotanga kunyangarika, huwandu hwemvura hunoderera, uye huwandu hwekabhoni hunowedzera.
5. Bituminous
Maitiro acho anoenderera mberi akadzika muvhu, achiwedzera kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha, zvichichinja marasha e sub-bituminous kuita marasha e bituminous. Padanho iri, chimiro chemarasha chinova chakaoma uye chakasimba sezvo huwandu hwekabhoni hwacho huchiwedzera.
6. Anthracite
Danho rekupedzisira rekuchinja marasha kuita anthracite. Izvi zvinoitika kana marasha akanyanya kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha yakakwira kwenguva yakareba. Anthracite ine kabhoni yakawanda uye ndiyo inonyanya kushanda pakutsva pasina kusvibiswa kwakanyanya.
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kuumbwa Kwemarasha
Zvinhu zvikuru zvinopesvedzera maitiro ekuumbwa kwemalahle zvinosanganisira:
1. Rudzi rweZvinhu zveOrganic: Rudzi rwezvirimwa zvinoungana runokanganisa kunaka uye rudzi rwemarasha anoumbwa.
2. Kumanikidzwa: Kumanikidzwa kunobva pahuremu hwesediment layer inofukidza peat layer kunoita basa guru mukushandurwa kwayo.
3. Tembiricha: Kuwedzera kwetembiricha nekuda kwekupisa kwepasi uye kudzika kwemakuva kunokonzera kusawirirana kwemakemikari mukuita kwekubatanidza marara.
4. Nguva: Kuumbwa kwemarasha kunotora mamiriyoni emakore. Kana maitiro acho akareba, kunaka kwemarasha kunowedzerawo.
Kukosha Kwehupfumi Nezvakatipoteredza
Marasha ane chinzvimbo chakakosha muhupfumi hwepasi rose senzvimbo huru yesimba. Maitiro ayo ekuumbwa kwemazana emakore haangogadzi chete chiwanikwa chinokosha chechisikigo asiwo anounza matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Kuchera nekupisa marasha kunokonzera matambudziko akawanda ezvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara, kusvibiswa kwemhepo, uye kuburitswa kweCO₂, izvo zvinopa simba mukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Environmental Impact
1. Kusvibiswa Kwemhepo: Marasha anopiswa anoburitsa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosvibisa mhepo zvinosanganisira sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxide (NOₓ), uye tunhu tudiki, pamwe chete nemhepo inoburitsa magasi ekupisa zvakaita seCO₂ izvo zvinokonzera kupisa kwenyika.
2. Kuora kwevhu: Kuchera migodhi zvakanyanya kunokonzera kushandiswa kwevhu zvinokanganisa nharaunda uye zvinokanganisa zvirimwa nemhuka.
3. Kuyerera kweAcid Mine: Mvura yakasvibiswa inopinda muvhu rakatenderedza migodhi inogona kutakura simbi dzinorema, idzo dzinokuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura nevanhu.
Mhedziso
Maitiro ekuumbwa kwemarasha anokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pezvinhu zvakasikwa, kumanikidzwa, tembiricha, nenguva, zvichitora mamiriyoni emakore. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kunotipa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuti tingashandisa sei chiwanikwa ichi nekuchenjera uye zvine mutoro, tichifunga nezvemhedzisiro yacho yakakura panharaunda. Kuburikidza netekinoroji nehurongwa hwakasimba, tinogona kuderedza migumisiro yacho yakaipa uye kuwedzera mabhenefiti ayo pakugara zvakanaka kwevanhu. Saka, ruzivo urwu harungowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu nezve geology chete asiwo runotsigira kuedza kuchengetedza nharaunda kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
