Chii chinonzi Geomagnetic Field uye Basa Rayo
Munda wemagineti i "gumbeze" risingaonekwe remagineti rakakomberedza Nyika. Kunyangwe tisingakwanise kuiona zvakananga, kuvapo kwayo kunogona kunzwiwa kuburikidza nekambasi, ine tsono inogara ichinongedzera kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba. Munda uyu une basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza hupenyu paNyika, uchipesvedzera kufamba, uye chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro emukati mepasi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura kuti munda wemagineti chii, maumbirwo awo, kuti unoyerwa sei, uye basa rawo muhupenyu netekinoroji.
Kunzwisisa minda yemagetsi
Munda wemagineti ndiwo munda wemagineti unogadzirwa neNyika. Munda wemagineti inzvimbo yakatenderedza sosi yemagineti (senge magineti yebhara kana magetsi) inoshandisa simba remagineti pane zvimwe zvinhu. Pachikero chemapuraneti, munda wemagineti unoita kuti Nyika iite semagineti makuru ane mativi emagineti ekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti "mapombi emagineti" haanyatsoenderana nepombi dzenzvimbo. Mapombi enzvimbo ndiwo magumo edenderedzwa repasi, nepo mapombi emagineti ari nzvimbo dziri pamusoro penyika uko mitsetse yesimba remagineti inoita se "inopinda" kana "inobuda" yakatwasuka. Musiyano uyu munzvimbo unoreva kuti kambasi haingonongedzeri kuchamhembe kwenzvimbo, asi kuchamhembe kwemagineti (zvichienderana nenzvimbo).
Munda we geomagnetic unobva kupi?
Nzvimbo huru yegeomagnetic field inobva mumabasa anoitika pasi pevhu, kunyanya mukati mepasi penyika. Pakati penyika pane simbi dzemvura, kunyanya simbi nenickel, izvo zvinofamba nekuda kwe:
1. Kupisa kunobva mukati memukati uye kuora kwemwaranzi kunotungamira kutenderera kwemvura.
2. Kutenderera kwepasi (Coriolis effect): Kutenderera kunoderedza kuyerera kwemvura, zvichiita kuti pave nemapatani akajairwa emhepo.
3. Kufambiswa kwemagetsi kwakanyanya: Simbi yakanyungudutswa inokwanisa kufambisa magetsi zvakanaka, saka kufamba kwemvura iyi kunoburitsa magetsi.
Kusanganiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi nekufamba kwemvura inofambisa mhepo zvinogadzira simba remagineti rinoramba riripo uye rinogara richivandudzwa. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa se geodynamo—rudzi rwe "dynamo yechisikigo" hombe iri pakati pePasi.
Kuwedzera kune aya manyuko makuru, kune zvimwe zvinhu zvishoma zvinobva mukukweshana kwematombo ari mugomba rePasi uye mhedzisiro yemagetsi emagetsi muionosphere nemagnetosphere. Zvisinei, chikamu chikuru chinoramba chiri geodynamo.
Chimiro chemunda weGeomagnetic: magnetosphere
Simba remagineti repasi harimire mumhepo. Rinotambanuka kusvika kure muchadenga, richigadzira nzvimbo inodzivirira inonzi magnetosphere. Magnetosphere inosangana nemhepo yezuva, rwizi runoramba ruchiyerera rwezvimedu zvinopiswa zvinoburitswa neZuva.
Nekuda kwekumanikidzwa nemhepo yezuva, magnetosphere haina kuenzana:
– Kurutivi rwakatarisana neZuva, magnetosphere "yakadzvanywa" pedyo nePasi.
– Kune rumwe rutivi (husiku), magnetosphere inotambanuka kuita "muswe wemagnetic" (magnetotail).
Magnetosphere ndiyo nzira huru yekudzivirira pasi kubva kuzvinhu zvine simba guru zvinobva kuZuva nenzvimbo yemuchadenga.
Hunhu hwemunda we geomagnetic: hausi nguva dzose hunogara huripo
Simba remagineti rinoshanduka-shanduka. Pane shanduko dzinoverengeka dzakakosha dzinonetsa nesainzi:
1. Kusiyana kwezuva nezuva
Zvinokanganiswa nemagetsi ari mu ionosphere anochinja nekuda kwemwaranzi yezuva.
2. Madutu epasi pevhu
Kana coronal mass ejection (CME) kana kuwedzera kwemhepo yezuva, magnetosphere inokanganiswa, zvichiita kuti geomagnetic field iri pamusoro ichinje. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera auroras uye kukanganisa masisitimu etekinoroji.
3. Kuchinja kwenguva refu (kusiyana kwenyika)
Pachikero chemakumi kusvika kumazana emakore, simba negwara resimba remagineti zvinogona kuchinja nekuda kwekuchinja kwepakati penyika. Mapombi emagineti anoto "famba" nekufamba kwenguva.
4. Kudzoserwa kwedanda (kudzoserwa kwegeomagnetic)
Pachikero chezviuru kusvika kumamiriyoni emakore, Nyika yakasangana nekudzokera shure kwenzvimbo ine magineti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe zvine magineti zvinodzokera shure. Maitiro aya haasi epakarepo; anogona kutora zviuru zvemakore uye akanyorwa mumatombo anoputika uye epasi (paleomagnetism).
Munda we geomagnetic unoyerwa sei?
Masayendisiti anoyera munda we geomagnetic nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
– Magnetometer dzepasi: Dzinoiswa munzvimbo dzinoongorora mafambiro ezuva nezuva, madutu epasi, uye mafambiro enguva refu.
– Ongororo yemhepo ine simba: Kushandisa ndege kuratidza kusiyana kwemagineti muganda rePasi, zvinobatsira pakuongorora magadzirirwo evhu uye zviwanikwa.
– Masateraiti: Misheni yakaita seESA Swarm iri kunyatsoongorora simba remagineti repasi rose, ichiparadzanisa mipiro kubva pakati, pasi pevhu, gungwa uye ionosphere.
Ruzivo urwu runobva rwapfupikiswa mumamodheru epasi rose akadai seIGRF (International Geomagnetic Reference Field) iyo inowanzoshandiswa mukufambisa uye kuenzanisa kwesainzi.
Basa remunda we geomagnetic paNyika nehupenyu
1. Dziviriro kubva kumwaranzi nezvidimbu zvinokuvadza
Rimwe remabasa akakosha egeomagnetic field nderekushanda se "nhoo," ichibvisa zvidimbu zvine chaji kubva kumhepo yezuva. Kunyange zvazvo mhepo ichiitawo basa guru rekudzivirira, magnetosphere inobatsira kuderedza kukurwa kwemhepo nezvidimbu zvine simba rakawanda uye inoderedza kuratidzwa kwemwaranzi pamusoro.
Pasina dziviriro yemagnetosphere yakasimba, mhepo inogona kuparara nekukurumidza. Vamwe masayendisiti vanofananidza mamiriro ezvinhu aya neMars, iyo simba rayo remagineti risina kusimba rinoita kuti mhepo yayo ive nyore kukanganiswa nemhepo yezuva.
2. Kubatsira kufamba kwevanhu
Kambasi inoshandisa simba remagineti kuratidza kuchamhembe kwemagnetic. Kwemazana emakore, kambasi yave iri chishandiso chakakosha chekufamba netsoka uye kutsvaga. Misimboti yakafanana ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi, kunyangwe ichiwanzobatanidzwa neGPS uye masisitimu emazuva ano ekufambisa.
Mukuita, mufambisi wechikepe anofanira kufunga nezve:
- kuderera kwemagineti: musiyano uripo pakati pekuchamhembe kwenyika nekuchamhembe kwemagineti,
– kutsveyama kwemagineti: kutsveyama kwemitsetse yesimba remagineti kuenda kurutivi rwakatwasuka uko kunosiyana zvichienderana nelatitude.
3. Kufamba kwemhuka (magnetoreception)
Mhuka zhinji dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzine simba rekuona simba remagineti rePasi, rinonzi magnetoreception, kuti dzifambe daro refu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira shiri dzinotama, kamba dzemugungwa, salmon, nezvimwe zvipembenene. Dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinoshandisa simba remagineti se "mepu" yechisikigo uye "kambasi" yekufamba kuenda kunzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Kunyange hazvo mashandiro ezvipenyu achiri kudzidzwa, humbowo hwekuyedza hunoratidza kuti kukanganiswa kwesimba remagineti kunogona kukanganisa maitiro ekufamba kwemamwe marudzi.
4. Mhedzisiro patekinoroji yemazuva ano
Minda yemagetsi—kunyanya kukanganiswa kwayo panguva yemadutu emagetsi—inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya tekinoroji, kusanganisira:
– Grid yemagetsi: Mageomagnetic induction currents anogona kukonzera kutadza kwetransformer uye kudzimwa kwemagetsi.
– Kutaurirana neredhiyo: Kuchinja kweionosphere kunokanganisa kupararira kwemafungu eredhiyo, kunyanya mafrequency akakwira (HF).
– Masateraiti neGPS: Kuwedzera kwemwaranzi kunogona kukuvadza zvikamu zvesateraiti, kuwedzera kudhonzwa kwemhepo mumhepo yakaderera, uye kukanganisa kurongeka kwenzvimbo yeGPS.
– Ndege: Nzira dziri pedyo nematanda endege dzine mukana wekukanganiswa kwekutaurirana uye kuwanda kwemwaranzi kune vashandi nevatakuri.
Izvi zvakakonzera kuti pave nemamiriro ekunze emuchadenga, ayo anotarisa mashandiro ezuva uye maitiro emagnetospheric kuderedza njodzi kuzvivakwa.
5. Kiyi yekunzwisisa nhoroondo yemukati mePasi uye geology
Munda wemagineti unopawo mukana wekuona zviri mukati meNyika. Kusiyana kwaro kwenguva refu kunopa zviratidzo zvekushanduka kwepakati pekunze. Panguva iyi, zvinyorwa zvemagineti epaleo mumatombo zvinobatsira masayendisiti:
- kutevera nhoroondo yekudzoserwa kwematanda,
- tsvaga zera rematombo,
- kugadzirazve kufamba kwematectonic plates (continental drift) nekufamba kwenguva.
Nemamwe mashoko, geomagnetism chishandiso chakakosha mu geophysics ne geology.
Penutup
Munda wemagineti hausi chinhu chinoshamisa chete, asi chinhu chakakosha chinotsigira hupenyu nebudiriro paNyika. Uchibva painjini yegeodynamo iri pakati pekunze, unoumba magnetosphere inodzivirira pasi kubva kuzvinhu zvinokuvadza, inobatsira kufamba kwevanhu nemhuka, uye inokanganisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano panguva yekusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze muchadenga. Uyezve, munda wemagineti une ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemukati meNyika nenhoroondo yayo yezve geology. Kunzwisisa munda wemagineti kunoreva kunzwisisa imwe yenzira dzekudzivirira dzinosarudza kupona kwehupenyu pasi redu.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera zvikamu zvakakosha pamusoro pe aurora, madutu makuru e geomagnetic munhoroondo, kana mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwedata reIGRF mukufamba.
