Dzidziso yePlate Tectonics muJografi
Dzidziso yePlate tectonics, pfungwa yechimurenga munyaya dze geology ne geography, inopa tsananguro yakazara yehunhu hwesimba re lithosphere yePasi. Dzidziso iyi yakasimudzira zvakanyanya kunzwisisa kwedu geology yepasi nekutsanangura zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zve geology zvakaita sekudengenyeka kwenyika, zviitiko zvemakomo, kuvaka makomo, uye kudonha kwekondinendi. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa nhoroondo, mashandiro, rutsigiro rweuchapupu, uye zvazvinoreva dzidziso yeplate tectonics mune geography.
Historical Background
Kukura kwenhoroondo yedzidziso yeplate tectonics kwakatangira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Alfred Wegener, nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze yekuGermany uye nyanzvi yezvepasi, ndiye akatanga kutaura nezvepfungwa yekudonha kwepasi muna 1912. Wegener akafungidzira kuti makondinendi aimbova chikamu chekondinendi imwe chete, Pangea, iyo yakatsauka zvishoma nezvishoma kuti iumbe makondinendi aripo iye zvino. Kunyangwe pfungwa yake pakutanga yakasangana nekusava nechokwadi nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenzira inogoneka yekufamba kwakadaro, yakaisa hwaro hwekutsvagisa mune ramangwana.
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, kuwanikwa kwemakomo ari pakati pegungwa nemigero yakadzika yegungwa panguva yekuongorora kwegungwa kwakapa humbowo hwakakosha hwekufamba kwemaplate etectonic. Uyezve, kudzidza kwepaleomagnetism—kusiyana kwesimba remagineti rePasi rakachengetwa mumatombo—kwakaratidza mapatani emitsara yemagineti pasi pegungwa, zvichitsigira pfungwa yekupararira kwepasi pegungwa yakakurudzirwa naHarry Hess naRobert Dietz. Pakupera kwema1960, dzidziso yetectonics yeplate yakabuda senzira inobatanidza, ichibatanidza pfungwa dzekupararira kwekondinendi uye pasi pegungwa.
Maitiro eTectonics dzePlate
Nzvimbo yepasi yakakamurwa kuita maplate akawanda akaomarara, anozivikanwa semaplate etectonic, ayo anoyangarara pamusoro peasthenosphere ine viscous iri pasi. Maplate aya anofamba nekuda kwemhepo inoyerera inogadzirwa nekupisa kubva mukati mepasi. Kune mhando nhatu dzemiganhu yemaplate zvichibva pakufamba kwemaplate maererano neumwe neumwe: miganhu yakaparadzana, inobatana, uye inoshandura.
1. Miganhu Yakasiyana-siyana: Pamiganhu yakasiyana-siyana kana kuti inovaka, maplate anosiyana-siyana. Kufamba uku kunonyanya kuonekwa pamipendero yepakati pegungwa, uko goko idzva regungwa rinoumbwa sezvo magma inokwira kubva paganda robva raoma. Muenzaniso iMid-Atlantic Ridge, uko maplate eEurasian neNorth America ari kuparadzaniswa.
2. Miganhu Inobatana: Pamiganhu inobatana kana inoparadza, maplate anofamba akananga kune mumwe nemumwe, zvichikonzera kuti rimwe plate ridzike pasi pemumwe. Maitiro aya anogona kukonzera kugadzirwa kwemigero yakadzika yegungwa, makomo anoputika, uye makomo. Kubonderana pakati peIndian Plate neEurasian Plate, semuenzaniso, kwakagadzira Himalaya refu.
3. Miganhu Yekuchinja: Pamiganhu yekuchinja kana yekuchengetedza, maplate anotsvedza achipfuura nepamwe. Kufamba uku kwedivi kunogona kukonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika. Chikanganiso cheSan Andreas muCalifornia muenzaniso unozivikanwa wemuganhu wekuchinja pakati pePacific Plate neNorth America Plate.
Rutsigiro Runoratidza
Uchapupu hwakawanda hunotsigira dzidziso ye plate tectonics, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yedzidziso dzesainzi dzakasimba zvikuru. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruzivo rwe geology, paleontological, uye geophysical.
– Humbowo hweGeological: Kuenderana kwakaita makondinendi, sekuwirirana kunoshamisa pakati pemahombekombe eWest Africa neEast South America, kunoratidza kuvapo kwekondinendi huru kare. Pamusoro pezvo, matombo akafanana uye makomo ari mumakondinendi akasiyana zvinoratidza nhoroondo yakafanana yegeological.
– Humbowo hwePaleontological: Kuwirirana kwemafossil mumakondinendi kunopa humbowo hwakasimba hwekufamba kwemakondinendi. Semuenzaniso, mafossil eMesosaurus yakatsakatika yakawanikwa muSouth America neAfrica, zvichiratidza kuti makondinendi aya akambobatanidzwa.
– Humbowo hweGeophysical: Kuongororwa kwekudengenyeka kwenyika nekuputika kwemakomo kwakaratidza kuti zvakanyanya kuungana pamiganhu yemaplate. Ruzivo rwekudengenyeka kwenyika rwunoratidzawo kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzinoshandiswa pasi pevhu uye kufamba kwemaplate. Kupararira kwekudengenyeka kwenyika paRing of Fire muPacific Ocean humbowo hwekushanda kwesimba pamiganhu inobatana neinochinja.
– Humbowo hwePaleomagnetic: Sezvo goko idzva regungwa richiumbwa pamipata iri pakati pegungwa, rinonyora simba remagineti rePasi. Mapatani akafanana emitsara yemagineti kumativi ese emipata anopa chinyorwa chekupararira kwepasi pegungwa uye kufamba kweplate nekufamba kwenguva.
Migumisiro yePlate Tectonics
Dzidziso ye plate tectonics ine zvazvinoreva zvakanyanya pakunzwisisa maitiro e geological nenjodzi dzePasi.
– Kudengenyeka kwenyika neKuputika Kwemakomo: Dzidziso yetectonic yeplate inopa ruzivo nezvezvikonzero zvekudengenyeka kwenyika nekuputika kwemakomo. Nekunzwisisa kufamba kwemaplate uye kuungana kwekushushikana pamiganhu, masayendisiti anogona kuongorora zviri nani njodzi dzekudengenyeka kwenyika nekuputika kwemakomo.
– Kuvaka Makomo: Kuumbwa kwemakomo kunokonzerwa nekusangana kwemaplate etectonic. Maplate etectonic anotsanangura kusimudzirwa uye kuchinjika kunoita kuti pave nematunhu makuru akadai seHimalayas neAndes.
– Kugoverwa Kwezviwanikwa: Maplate tectonics anoitawo basa rakakosha mukugoverwa kwezviwanikwa zvechisikigo. Mazhinji emaminerari, akadai semhangura negoridhe, ane chekuita nebasa retectonic. Matangi ehydrocarbon anowanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzine nhoroondo yekushanduka kwetectonic.
– Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ekunze: Kufamba kwematectonic plates kunochinja nzvimbo dzemakondinendi nemafungu egungwa, zvichikanganisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze epasi rose zvichienderana nenguva yegeological. Semuenzaniso, kuvhurwa nekuvharwa kwemasuo egungwa kunogona kukanganisa kupararira kwekupisa nehunyoro pasi rose.
– Kutarisira Zvakatipoteredza: Ruzivo rwemaplate tectonics rwakakosha pakugadzirisa njodzi dzechisikigo nekuderedza kukanganisa kwadzo pavanhu. Izvi zvinobatsira mukugadzira nzira dzekunyevera nekukurumidza, kuronga mashandisirwo evhu, uye nzira dzekugadzirira njodzi.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yePlate tectonics inomira sedombo guru re geology ne geography yemazuva ano, ichipa hurongwa hwakabatana hwekunzwisisa mashandiro eNyika. Kubva pakutsanangura kupararira kwekudengenyeka kwenyika nemakomo anoputika kusvika pakufumura nhoroondo yekufamba kwemakondinendi, dzidziso iyi yakachinja maonero edu epasi. Humbowo hwakasangana kubva muzvidzidzo zve geology, paleontology, uye geophysical hunosimbisa kusimba kwayo uye hunosimbisa kukosha kwayo mukuumba mamiriro epasi uye kuchinja hupenyu hwevanhu. Sezvo tsvakurudzo ichienderera mberi, plate tectonics pasina mubvunzo icharamba iri pfungwa huru inotyaira kutsvaga kwedu nekunzwisisa hunhu hwePasi hunochinja nguva dzose.
