Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweJografi
Geography, kudzidza nezvenzvimbo dzePasi, vanhu, nzvimbo, nenzvimbo, inyaya yekare inobatanidza zvinhu zvepanyama nezvevanhu zvepasi. Midzi yayo inogona kuteverwa kumashure kusvika kumagariro ekare, ayo aida kunzwisisa zvakavapoteredza kuti vafambe, vatengese, uye varime nyika. Sezvatinoongorora nhoroondo yekukura kwegeography, tinoongorora nguva yakazara nesainzi yekuda kuziva, kuongorora, uye kushanduka.
Mavambo Ekare
Kubudirira Kwepakutanga
Zvinyorwa zvepasi pevhu zvekare zvinozivikanwa zvinobva kuvaMesopotamia, vaIjipita, nevaGiriki. Munenge mugore ra2500 BCE, vaBhabhironi vakagadzira mamwe emamepu ekutanga pamahwendefa evhu, vachiwanzoratidza nyika sedhisiki rakati sandara rakakomberedzwa nemvura. Panguva imwe chete, vaIjipita, neruzivo rwavo rwakakura rweNire nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza, vakagadzira nzira yakarongeka yekunyora makatuni kuti vatarisire mabasa avo ekurima uye kuchengetedza kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mipiro yechiGiriki
Kufambira mberi kukuru kwekutanga mune zvejogirafi kwakaitwa nevaGiriki. Herodotus, anowanzonzi "Baba veNhoroondo," akafamba-famba zvakanyanya uye akapa nhoroondo dzakadzama dzenyika nevanhu vaakasangana navo. Eratosthenes, mukuru weraibhurari paRaibhurari yeAlexandria, ndiye akagadzira izwi rekuti "jogirafi" uye akaverenga denderedzwa rePasi nemazvo zvinoshamisa, achishandisa nzira dziri nyore dzejometri. Basa rake rakagadzira hwaro hwekudzidza nezvejogirafi mune ramangwana.
"Geographia" yaPtolemy, yakanyorwa muzana remakore rechipiri CE, yaive imwe pfungwa huru yeruzivo rwenzvimbo. Yakaunganidza uye yakawedzera pamamepu aivepo, ichiunza sisitimu yekurongeka yaigonesa kumepu yakarurama. Pfungwa dzake dzakatonga pfungwa dzenzvimbo kweanopfuura chiuru chemakore.
Nguva dzepakati nepakati dzechiIslam
Islamic Scholars
Munguva yeMiddle Ages yeEurope, nepo chikamu chikuru chekondinendi chakanga chakaputirwa neRima Ages, nyanzvi dzechiIslam dzakachengetedza nekuwedzera ruzivo rwenzvimbo dzechiGiriki nedzechiRoma. Nyanzvi dzakadai saAl-Idrisi, Ibn Battuta, naIbn Khaldun dzakaita kufambira mberi kukuru. Al-Idrisi, akarayirwa naMambo Roger II weSicily, akagadzira mepu yakakura yenyika inozivikanwa. Kufamba kwaIbn Battuta muAfrica, Middle East, neAsia kwakapa nhoroondo dzakadzama dzetsika dzakasiyana-siyana nenyika.
Kuwanikwazve kweEurope
MuEurope, ruzivo rwenzvimbo rwakatanga kuoneka zvakare munguva dzeMiddle Ages. Hondo dzechiKristu nemakambani ekutengeserana aikura zvakamutsa kufarira kwenyika dziri kure. Catalan Atlas, yakagadzirwa muna 1375 naAbraham Cresques, ndeimwe yemamepu akakosha epakati pekare, inoratidza ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa kubva kuvafambi nevatengesi.
Nguva Yokuongorora
Technology Advans
Zana remakore rechi15 nerechi16 rakaratidza Nguva yeKutsvaga, zvichikonzerwa nekufambira mberi mukufamba nengarava uye kuvaka ngarava. Kampasi, astrolabe, uye nzira dzakavandudzwa dzekugadzira mapu dzakabvumira vaongorori kuti vaende kure. Nguva iyi yakachinja zvakanyanya munda wejogirafi.
Kutsvaga Kunoshamisa
Rwendo rwaChristopher Columbus muna 1492 kuenda kuNyika Itsva uye rwendo rwaVasco da Gama kuenda kuIndia rwakatenderedza Cape of Good Hope rwakavhura miganhu mitsva. Mepu dzakatanga kusanganisira maAmerica, dzichichinja maonero eEurope. Chiratidzo cheMercator, chakatangwa naGerardus Mercator muna 1569, chakapa nzira inoshanda yekufamba, pasinei nekukanganisa kwayo nzvimbo dzakaoma.
Kujekeswa Kwenzvimbo
Zvidzidzo Zvakarongeka
Zana remakore rechi17 nerechi18 rakaunza nzira yakarongeka yekudzidza nezvenzvimbo. Nyanzvi dzakadai saBernhardus Varenius naCarl Ritter dzakatsanangura ongororo yezvakaitika uye dzakatsvaga kupatsanura nekutsanangura zviitiko zvepasi rose. Bhuku raVarenius rinonzi “Geographia Generalis,” rakaburitswa muna 1650, rakapa hurongwa hwenzvimbo dzakarongeka, ukuwo basa raRitter richisimbisa hukama huripo pakati pevanhu nenzvimbo dzavanogara.
Mepu uye Kuyera
Kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekugadzira mapu dzakarurama kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi. Basa reFrench Geodesic Mission remuzana remakore rechi18, raitungamirirwa naPierre Bouguer naCharles Marie de La Condamine, raiva nechinangwa chekuyera meridian arc muSouth America. Basa ravo rakabatsira pakunzwisisa chimiro nehukuru hweNyika.
Nzvimbo Yemazuva Ano Yezvemagariro Evanhu
Zana ramakore rechi19
Muzana remakore rechi19, geography yakachinja kuita imwe dzidzo yakasiyana. Basa raAlexander von Humboldt pamusoro pefizikisi yenzvimbo uye nhevedzano yake ye "Cosmos" zvakaisa hwaro hwekudzidza nezve biogeography, mamiriro ekunze, uye oceanography. Panguva imwe chete, kukwira kwehumambo nekolonialism kwakakurudzira zvidzidzo zve geopolitical sezvo masimba eEurope aitsvaga kunzwisisa nekushandisa makoroni avo.
Kubuda kweJografi yeVanhu
Nzvimbo yevanhu yakabuda senzvimbo, ichinyanya kutarisa nzvimbo dzezviitiko zvevanhu. Nhoroondo yaFriedrich Ratzel yakaongorora hukama huripo pakati petsika nenzvimbo dzavanogara, ukuwo dzidziso yaHalford Mackinder yepakati penyika yakapesvedzera hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Zviitiko zvemuzana remakore rechi20
Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwakaunza humwe hunyanzvi mune zvejogirafi. Physical geography yakanyura mu geomorphology, meteorology, uye hydrology. Human geography yakawedzera kusvika yasanganisira zvidzidzo zvemaguta, zvehupfumi, uye zvetsika. Kuchinja kwehuwandu kwema1950 nema1960 kwakaunza matekiniki ehuwandu uye mamodheru emakombiyuta, zvichishandura nzira dzekutsvagisa geographic.
Jogirafi Yemazuva Ano
Chikamu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi20 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi21 chakaona kubatanidzwa kwetekinoroji mune zvejogirafi. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), kure sensing, uye mifananidzo yesatellite zvakachinja kuunganidzwa nekuongorora data renzvimbo. Zvishandiso izvi zvine mashandisirwo mukuronga maguta, kugadzirisa njodzi, kuchengetedza nharaunda, nezvimwewo.
Kudyidzana Kwepasi Pose uye Zvinonetsa Nezvezvakatipoteredza
Nzvimbo yemazuva ano inotarisawo matambudziko ekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose nekushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza. Nyanzvi dzenzvimbo dzinoongorora migumisiro yekubatana kwepasi rose, kutama kwevanhu, uye kukura kwehupfumi pazviyero zvemunharaunda nepasi rose. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo inoongorora nyaya dzakadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kurasikirwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa, uye manejimendi ezviwanikwa anoenderera mberi.
mhedziso
Kubva pamidzi yayo yekare mumamepu ekutanga uye zvinobatsira pakufamba kusvika pakushandiswa kwayo pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaoma pasi rose, geography yakaramba ichichinja. Iyi dzidzo ine simba yakagadziriswa kuti ienderane nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye shanduko dzenzanga, ichipa ruzivo nezvenyika yedu yechisikigo uye tambo yakaoma yehupenyu hwevanhu. Sezvatinotarisana nematambudziko emangwana, kukura kwegeography kucharamba kwakakosha mukutitungamira kuburikidza nenyika inogara ichichinja.
