Maumbirwo Enyika Maererano Nedzidziso Yenzvimbo
Nyika, iyo iri pasi rechitatu kubva kuZuva, ihurongwa hwakaoma uye hunochinja-chinja, chokwadi chakafadza masayendisiti kwemazana emakore. Kudzidza nezvemaumbirwo eNyika, kunyanya kuburikidza nepfungwa dzenzvimbo, kunoratidza kubatana kwakanaka pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, maitiro, uye maitiro anoumba pasi redu. Kuongorora uku kwemaumbirwo eNyika kwakakosha pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvinotangira panjodzi dzechisikigo kusvika pakugoverwa kwezviwanikwa zvechisikigo.
Zvikamu zveNyika
Mukati meNyika mune zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana: goko, mantle, mukati mekunze, uye mukati memukati. Rimwe nerimwe rezvikamu izvi rine hunhu hwakasiyana uye rinoita basa guru mukuchinjana kwepasi.
1. Goko
Chikamu chekunze chePasi ndicho gomba, rine ukobvu hunobva pamakiromita mashanu kusvika makumi manomwe. Kune mhando mbiri dzegomba: gomba regungwa, iro rakakora uye rinonyanya kuumbwa nebasalt, uye gomba repasi rose, iro rakakora asi risina kukora, rinonyanya kuumbwa negranite.
Goko regungwa: Rinowanikwa pasi pegungwa, goko regungwa rakatetepa (anenge makiromita mashanu kusvika gumi) asi rakakora, rinonyanya kuumbwa nematombo ebasaltic. Musanganiswa uyu unoribvumira kuti ridzike pasi pegomba regungwa nekuda kwekuwanda kwaro.
Goko reContinental: Goko recontinental rinoumba nyika uye rakakora zvakanyanya (kubva pa30-70 km). Rinonyanya kugadzirwa nematombo egranitic ne sedimentary, zvichiita kuti rive risina kusimba kana tichienzanisa negoko regungwa.
Goko repasi ndiro goko rekunze rakasimba uye rinosangana nemhepo ne hydrosphere, zvichikanganisa mamiriro ekunze, zvinomera, uye kupararira kwehupenyu.
2. Nguo
Pasi peganda remakushe pane mantle, jira rakasimba asi rakaita sepurasitiki rinosvika makiromita angangoita 2,900 pasi pevhu. Mantle iyi inonyanya kuumbwa nemaminerari e silicate akapfuma mu magnesium ne iron. Yakakamurwa kuita mantle yepamusoro nepazasi, nenzvimbo yekuchinja pakati payo ichiitika pakadzika kwemakiromita angangoita 660.
Mantle Yepamusoro: Chikamu chemantle chiri pasi peganda chinosanganisira lithosphere (chikamu chekunze chakasimba cheNyika, kusanganisira ganda repamusoro neganda repamusoro) uye asthenosphere (chikamu chinoyerera, chinoyerera pasi pe lithosphere). Kupfava kweasthenosphere kunoita kuti maplate etectonic afambe.
Mantle Yepasi: Inobva panzvimbo yekuchinja kuenda kumuganhu wepakati-pemantle, mantle yepasi yakasimba kupfuura mantle yepamusoro nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakawedzerwa. Inoita basa rakakosha mumagetsi e convection anofambisa plate tectonics.
Mafungu emhepo anotenderera mudenga ndiwo simba guru riri shure kwe plate tectonics, zvichibatsira pakuchinja kwepasi.
3. Muviri weKunze
Pakati pekunze pane denderedzwa remvura rakaumbwa nesimbi nenickel, richibva pasi pemantle kusvika pakadzika kwemakiromita angangoita 5,150. Kushanduka kwaro kwemvura kwakakosha pakugadzirwa kwesimba remagineti rePasi kuburikidza ne dynamo effect. Kufamba kwesimbi yemvura nenickel kunogadzira magetsi, ayo anozoburitsa masimba emagineti anobatana kuti aumbe munda we geomagnetic wakakomberedza pasi rose.
4. Muviri Wemukati
Pakati penyika yedu pane mukati menyika, denderedzwa gobvu, rakasimba rinoumbwa nesimbi uye nickel. Pasinei nekupisa kwakanyanya, uko kunogona kusvika madhigirii 5,700 Celsius, mukati menyika unoramba wakasimba nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunowanikwa pakadzika kwakadaro. Pakati penyika panosvika makiromita angangoita 5,150 kusvika pakati peNyika (makiromita angangoita 6,371). Pakati penyika iyi pane basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza simba remagineti nesimba re geothermal repasi.
Plate Tectonics uye Continental Drift
Kunzwisisa chimiro cheNyika kunosimbiswa zvakanyanya nedzidziso yeplate tectonics, iyo inotsanangura kufamba kwemaplate epasi pamusoro pe semi-fluid asthenosphere. Dzidziso yekudonha kwepasi, yakatanga kutaurwa naAlfred Wegener muna 1912, yakaratidza kuti makondinendi akambobatanidzwa pamwe chete mu supercontinent inonzi Pangea uye kubvira ipapo akaparadzana. Dzidziso iyi yakaisa hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kweplate tectonics.
Maplate eTectonic: Lithosphere yePasi yakakamurwa kuita maplate akakura nemadiki, anosanganisira Pacific Plate, North American Plate, Eurasian Plate, nedzimwe. Maplate aya anoyangarara paasthenosphere ine semi-viscous uye anofamba nekuda kwe mantle convection, gravity, uye mamwe masimba.
Miganhu yePlate: Kudyidzana pakati pemaplate aya etectonic kunoitika pamiganhu yeplate, ayo akakamurwa kuita mhando nhatu:
– Miganhu Yakasiyana-siyana: Maplate anoparadzana, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kweganda idzva sezvo magma ichikwira pamusoro. Muenzaniso iMid-Atlantic Ridge.
– Miganhu Inobatana: Maplate anofamba akananga kune mumwe nemumwe, zvichikonzera kuti rimwe plate rimanikidzwe pasi pemumwe nenzira inozivikanwa se subduction. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera makomo, kudengenyeka kwenyika, uye kuputika kwemakomo. Makomo eAndes anokonzerwa nekubatana kwakadaro.
– Miganhu Yekuchinja: Maplate anotsvedza achipfuura nepamwe, zvichikonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika. Chikanganiso cheSan Andreas muCalifornia muganho wekuchinja unozivikanwa.
Nzira dzeGeophysical mukunzwisisa mukati meNyika
Kunzwisisa kwedu chimiro chemukati meNyika kunobva mukucherechedza zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga. Nzira dzeGeophysical, dzakadai sekuongorora kwemvura inoyerera pasi, ongororo dzegravimetric, uye zvidzidzo zvemagnetic, dzakapa ruzivo rwakakosha.
Mafungu eSeismic: Kudzidza kuti mafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika anokonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika anofamba sei muPasi kwakabatsira zvikuru mukunzwisisa chimiro chemukati maro. Nekuongorora musiyano uripo pakati pemafungu uye nzira iyo mafungu anodzorwa kana kuratidzwa nayo, masayendisiti anogona kutsanangura hunhu uye kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana.
Ongororo dzeGravimetric: Kusiyana kuripo mumunda wegravitational wePasi kunopa ruzivo nezvekupararira kwehuwandu hwevanhu vari muPasi, zvichibatsira kuyera chimiro cheganda neganda.
Zvidzidzo zveMagineti: Kudzidza nezvesimba remagineti rePasi, rekare nerazvino, kwakapa ruzivo pamusoro pemaitiro emukati mekunze uye maitiro anokonzera munda wegeomagnetic.
Zvinoreva Kunzwisisa Maumbirwo Enyika
Kunzwisisa chimiro cheNyika kune zvakunoreva zvikuru mumabasa akasiyana-siyana akadai se geology, oceanography, sainzi yezvakatipoteredza, uye manejimendi enjodzi dzechisikigo.
Kuderedza Njodzi Dzechisikigo: Kunzwisisa mashandiro e tectonic kunobatsira mukufanotaura nekugadzirisa njodzi dzechisikigo dzakadai sekudengenyeka kwenyika, tsunami, uye kuputika kwemakomo, zvichigona kuponesa hupenyu uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwehupfumi.
Kuongorora Zviwanikwa: Ruzivo rwemaumbirwo ePasi rwakakosha pakutsvaga nekugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvechisikigo, zvinosanganisira zvicherwa, mafuta, gasi rechisikigo, uye mvura yepasi.
Zvidzidzo zveMamiriro ekunze neZvakatipoteredza: Kuchinja-chinja kwemukati menyika kunokanganisa mashandiro epamusoro penyika uye maitiro ekunze. Kudzidza nezvekudyidzana uku kunobatsira kunzwisisa shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze dzinoitika kwenguva refu uye shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza.
Mukupedzisa, chimiro cheNyika zvichienderana nedzidziso yenzvimbo ihurongwa hwakanyatsotsanangurwa hunotsanangura masisitimu akaomarara uye anochinja-chinja anotonga pasi redu. Kunzwisisa zvidimbu izvi nekudyidzana kwazvo kwakakosha pakufanotaura zviitiko zvechisikigo, kuwana zviwanikwa, uye kunzwisisa shanduko dzinoitika kwenguva refu pasi redu. Kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kunoramba kuripo uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, ruzivo rwedu rwechimiro cheNyika rucharamba ruchichinja, ruchipa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekushanda kwepasi redu rinoshamisa.
