Matekiniki eKuenzanisa muKutsvagurudza kweGeographical
Tsvagiridzo yenzvimbo inowanzo tarisa zviitiko zvakapararira, zvakasiyana-siyana, uye zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa nyore nyore—kubva pakuongorora mashandisirwo evhu uye kugoverwa kwevanhu kusvika kumhando yemvura yerwizi uye kugadzira mapu enjodzi. Nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kwenguva, mutengo, vashandi, uye mukana wekusvika, vaongorori havawanzo kwanisa kuona huwandu hwevanhu vose. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha matekiniki ekutora sampuli. Kutora sampuli kunobatsira vaongorori kusarudza boka revanhu vanonyatsoratidza hunhu hwavo, zvichiita kuti mhedziso dzekutsvaga dzishande zvakanaka uye dzive dzakasimba mune zvesainzi.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeKuenzanisa muJografi
Kutora mienzaniso inzira yekusarudza zvinhu, vanhu, nzvimbo, kana zvikamu zvekuongorora kubva kuvanhu vakatsvaga ruzivo. Vanhu vari mukutsvaga ruzivo rwenzvimbo vanogona kunge vari mhuri dziri mudunhu diki, nzvimbo dzekucherechedza hunhu hwemhepo muguta, nzvimbo dzekurima, kana zvikamu zverwizi munzvimbo ine mvura (DAS). Muenzaniso chikamu chevanhu vakanyatsodzidza, nepo furemu yekutora mienzaniso iri runyorwa kana mepu ine zvinhu zvese zvevanhu zvinoshanda sehwaro hwekusarudzwa kwemuenzaniso.
Munzvimbo, kutora sampuli kwakasiyana nekuti chinhu chekutsvagisa chine nzvimbo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo, daro, maitiro ekugovera, kusvikika, uye kusiyana kwenzvimbo zvinopesvedzera nzira yekutora sampuli. Kutora sampuli kwakanaka kunofanirwa kufunga nezvekuchinja kwenzvimbo kudzivirira rusaruro, semuenzaniso, kutora sampuli munzvimbo dziri nyore kusvika uye kusateerera nzvimbo dziri kure.
Chinangwa uye Mabhenefiti eKutora Samples
Chinangwa chikuru chekutora sampuli ndechekuwana ruzivo rwunomiririra kubva kuvanhu vane zviwanikwa zvishoma. Chaizvoizvo, kutora sampuli kunobvumira kuti tsvakiridzo iitwe nekukurumidza, nenzira isingadhuri, uye nekutarisa kwakanyanya. Musayenzi, kutora sampuli kwakakodzera kunowedzera chokwadi chezvakawanikwa, kunoderedza kukanganisa kwekuyera, uye kunoita kuti mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa ive nyore kusvika kuvanhu vakawanda.
Semuenzaniso, kuti vaongorore hunhu hwemvura murwizi rune hurefu hwemakiromita makumi mashanu, vaongorori havagone kuyedza mita yega yega. Vachishandisa nzira dzekutora sampuli dzenzvimbo kana chikamu, vaongorori vanogona kutsanangura kusiyana kwehunhu hwemvura zvichibva panzvimbo dziri kumusoro-pakati-pasi perwizi, nzvimbo dzekugara, kana nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.
Mapoka Makuru Maviri Ematekiniki Ekuita Sample
Kazhinji, nzira dzekutora sampuli dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: kutora sampuli yeprobability uye kutora sampuli isingatarisirwi. Musiyano mukuru uri mukukwanisa kwekuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chevanhu chisarudzwe semuyenzaniso.
1. Kutora sampuli yemikana kunopa mukana unoyerwa uye wakaenzana wekuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chevanhu chisarudzwe. Nzira iyi yakakodzera pakutsvagurudza kwehuwandu uye kana vaongorori vachida kuita generalizations yehuwandu.
2. Kutora sampuli dzisina mukana hakupi mikana yakaenzana kana kuti hazvigone kuverengerwa nechivimbo. Nzira iyi inowanzoshandiswa mukutsvagisa kwemhando yepamusoro, zvidzidzo zvekutsvaga, kana kana mukana wekuwana vanhu vakawanda wakaderera.
Kuenzanisa Mikana Mukutsvaga Kwenzvimbo
1. Kuenzanisa Zviri Nyore Zvisina Kurongwa
Maitiro aya anosarudza sample kubva kuvanhu vese pasina kufunga nezvemapoka kana mapoka. Semuenzaniso, kudzidza kugutsikana nemabasa ekufambisa veruzhinji kunosanganisira kusarudza vanhu mazana maviri vasina kupindura kubva pane runyorwa rwevashandisi vemakadhi ekunyorera. Zvakanakira zvaro zviri nyore uye kusasarura kwakawanda, asi zvazvisingakoshi zvinosanganisira mukana wekusatarisa kusiyana kwenzvimbo—semuenzaniso, mutsauko uripo pakati peguta nenzvimbo dziri pedyo neguta.
2. Kuenzanisa Kwakarongeka
Mukuongorora sampuli dzakarongeka, vaongorori vanosarudza sampuli panguva dzakatarwa, semuenzaniso, imba yega yega yegumi iri mumugwagwa, kana makiromita maviri ega ega ekuyera tembiricha pamusoro. Iyi nzira inoshanda kune ongororo dzemumunda dzinotevera mitsara yetransect. Zvisinei, vaongorori vanofanirwa kungwarira maitiro anodzokororwa (periodic) anogona kutsaura muenzaniso, senge maitiro ekugara nguva dzose.
3. Kuenzanisa Zvisina Kurongwa Zvakarongwa
Nzira iyi inokamura huwandu hwevanhu kuita zvidimbu (stata) zvichibva pane hunhu hwakasiyana, yozobva yatora zvidimbu zvega zvega zvisina tsarukano. Munzvimbo, zvidimbu zvezvikamu zvinogona kuva nzvimbo dzekukwirira (nzvimbo dzakaderera, midlands, highlands), mhando dzekushandiswa kwenyika (nzvimbo dzekugara, minda yemupunga, masango), kana mapoka evanhu vakawanda. Chakanakira ndechekuti inoita kuti boka rega rega riratidzirwe zviri nani, zvichiita kuti rive rakarurama kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana.
4. Kuenzanisa Mapoka (Mapoka)
Kutora sampuli dzemapoka kunosarudza mapoka (mapoka) semayuniti emuenzaniso, pane munhu mumwe nemumwe. Semuenzaniso, vaongorori vanogona kusarudza misha yakati wandei semapoka vozobvunzurudza mhuri dzese kana dzimwe dziri mumisha iyoyo. Iyi nzira inobatsira kana huwandu hwevanhu hwakapararira uye runyorwa rwakazara rwehuwandu hwevanhu harupo. Muzvidzidzo zvenzvimbo dzemumaruwa, kutora sampuli dzemapoka kunowanzo chengetedza mari yekufamba, asi mwero wekukanganisa unogona kuva mukuru pane kutora sampuli dzakarongwa.
5. Kuenzanisa Zvikamu Zvakasiyana-siyana (Kufamba Nematanho)
Kutora sampuli muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kusanganiswa kwenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutora sampuli muzvikamu. Semuenzaniso, kusarudza matunhu zvisina tsarukano, tevere matunhu madiki, tevere misha, uye pakupedzisira mhuri. Nzira iyi inowanzoonekwa muongororo dzakakura dzakadai seurombo, kutama kwevanhu, kana zvidzidzo zvenjodzi nekuti inoenzanisa kushanda zvakanaka uye kumiririrwa kwevanhu.
Kuenzanisa Zvisiri Zvekubvira Mukutsvaga Kwenzvimbo
1. Kuenzanisa Zvine Chinangwa (Zvine Chinangwa)
Kutora sampuro nechinangwa kunosarudza sampuro zvichibva pamaonero emuongorori, zvakaita sekusarudza nzvimbo dzinoonekwa sedzinomiririra chiitiko chakati. Semuenzaniso, kusarudza nzvimbo dzine hurombo hwakanyanya kuti dzitsvage kucheneswa kwevhu, kana kusarudza nzvimbo dzinokanganiswa nekuparadzwa kwevhu zvichibva pamamepu enjodzi. Nzira iyi yakakodzera zvidzidzo zvezviitiko uye tsvakurudzo yemhando yepamusoro, asi haina kukodzera kuverengerwa kwenhamba.
2. Kuenzanisa Zviri Nyore (Zviri Nyore)
Mienzaniso inosarudzwa nekuti iri nyore kusvika, semuenzaniso, nekubvunzurudza vagari vanosangana navo pamusika kana kutora ivhu pedyo nemugwagwa. Nzira iyi inokurumidza uye isingadhuri, asi inonyanya kukanganiswa nekusarura. Munzvimbo, kutora sampuli kunofanirwa kushandiswa chete pazvidzidzo zvekutanga kana ongororo dzekutanga.
3. Kuenzanisa kweSnowball
Kutora mifananidzo yesnowball kunoshandiswa kuvanhu vakaoma kuziva, vakaita sevanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzisina kurongeka, vashandi vari munzvimbo dzakati, kana mapoka emarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Vaongorori vanotanga nevashoma vakakosha vobva vakumbira mazano kune vamwe vanopa ruzivo. Nzira iyi inoshanda pakuwana ruzivo pasocial network, asi ichiri nemiganho pakumiririrwa.
4. Kuenzanisa kweQuota
Mukuongorora quota sampling, vaongorori vanoisa quota dzemhando dzakasiyana, dzakadai se50% yevanhurume ne50% yevanhukadzi, kana quota zvichibva pazera nedunhu. Iyi nzira inobatsira kuona kuti kuumbwa kwemuenzaniso kunosangana nezvinodiwa, asi kusarudzwa kwevanhu vari mukati mequota yega yega hakuwanzoitiki nekusarongeka.
Kufunga Nezvenzvimbo: Kuenzanisa Zvichibva Panzvimbo
Tsvagiridzo yenzvimbo inowanzo shandisa sampuli dzakavakirwa panzvimbo, dzakadai se:
– Kutora sampuli nenzira yeTransect: kutora sampuli nemutsetse (transect) kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda pane imwe, semuenzaniso kubva kumusoro kwerwizi kusvika pasi perwizi.
– Kutora grid sampling: nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa kuita grid squares, ipapo sampuli dzinotorwa pakati pegrid kana panzvimbo chaiyo.
– Kutora sampuro dzenzvimbo: nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa kuita matunhu (semuenzaniso matunhu ane mafashamo), uye sampuli dzinotorwa zvakaenzana padunhu rega rega.
Maitiro aya akakosha nekuti zviitiko zvenzvimbo zvine mapatani ekupararira anokonzerwa nedaro, mamiriro enzvimbo, uye kudyidzana kwevanhu nenzvimbo.
Kusarudza Saizi yeMuenzaniso
Hukuru hwemuenzaniso hunoenderana nezvinangwa zvekutsvagisa, huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, huwandu hunodiwa hwekunyatsojeka, uye zviwanikwa. Mukutsvagisa kwehuwandu, huwandu hwemuenzaniso hunowanzo kuverengerwa uchishandisa mafomati ehuwandu (semuenzaniso, Slovin, Cochran) kana nzira yekukanganisa. Zvisinei, mune zvejogirafi, huwandu hwemuenzaniso hunofanirawo kufunga nezvenzvimbo yakafukidzwa uye nzvimbo inosvika. Muenzaniso mudiki kwazvo unogona kufuratira kusiyana kwenzvimbo, nepo muenzaniso wakakura zvakanyanya usingashande zvakanaka.
Kukanganisa kweKuenzanisa uye Maitiro Ekukuderedza
Kukanganisa pakuongororwa kwesampuli kunogona kuitika nekuda kwemasampuli asina kumiririrwa, mafuremu esampuli asina kukwana, rusaruro pakusarudzwa kwenzvimbo, kana kuti vanhu vasingade kupindura. Kuti vaderedze kukanganisa, vaongorori vanogona:
1. Gadzira hurongwa hwakajeka hwekutora sampuli (uchishandisa mamepu, data rehutungamiri, mifananidzo yesatellite).
2. Shandisa nzira dzekuongorora mikana yekuongorora kana zvichibvira.
3. Iva nechokwadi chekuti matunhu akakosha kana nzvimbo dzacho dzaratidzwa.
4. Kudzidzira midziyo yekuedza uye kudzidzisa vanoverenga.
5. Sanganisa data remumunda nedata renzvimbo (GIS) kuti zviongororwe.
Penutup
Maitiro ekutora sampuli ihwaro hwakakosha mukutsvagisa kwenzvimbo nekuti anobatsira vaongorori kunzwisisa zviitiko zvenzvimbo zvakanaka uye nemazvo. Sarudzo yenzira yekutora sampuli inofanira kugadziriswa zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvekutsvagisa, hunhu hwevanhu, chiyero chenzvimbo, uye kuwanikwa kwedata uye kuwanikwa kwemunda. Kutora sampuli yemikana kunoshanda zvakanyanya pakutsanangura huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, nepo kutora sampuli yemikana kusingatarisirwi kunobatsira pakutsvaga kwakadzama uye zvidzidzo zvezviitiko. Nekufunga nezvenzvimbo uye rusaruro runogona kuitika, vaongorori venzvimbo vanogona kugadzira zvakawanikwa zvine musoro, zvine chekuita, uye zvinobatsira pakuronga nzvimbo, kutonga nharaunda, uye kuderedza njodzi.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kukubatsirai kuwedzera mienzaniso yemhando dzenzvimbo (semuenzaniso, mhando yemvura, kushandiswa kwevhu, kushanya, kana kushaikwa kwemafashamo) kuti zvinyatsoshanda.
