Nhoroondo neKuvandudzwa kweMiganhu yeNyika
Muganhu wenyika mutsetse—ingava wechokwadi kana wekufungidzira—unoratidza nyika ine simba rayo. Kuvapo kwemiganhu yenyika hakusi nyaya yemamepu chete; zvakare kwakabatana zvikuru nenhoroondo, zvematongerwo enyika, hondo, diplomacy, kutengeserana, uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika. Munhoroondo yese, miganhu yenyika yakaramba ichichinja zvichienderana nemasimba esimba nekufambira mberi mumutemo wepasi rose. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kuti miganhu yenyika yakabuda sei, yakavakwa sei, uye yakagadziridzwa sei nekufamba kwenguva, kusvika munguva yazvino.
1. Kutanga kwePfungwa yeMiganhu yeDunhu
Mumazuva ekutanga ebudiriro, pfungwa yemiganhu yenyika yakanga isina kunyatsotsanangurwa sezvairi nhasi. Simba ramambo kana mutungamiri raiwanzoonekwa nehukuru hwesimba ravo, kwete nemakonesheni emepu. Nzvimbo dzaiwanzova "nzvimbo" dzisina kujeka, kunyanya munzvimbo dziri pamiganhu. Nzizi, makomo, masango akakora, uye marenje zvaiwanzoshanda sezviratidzo zvechisikigo zvaisiyanisa mapoka evanhu.
MuMesopotamia, Ijipiti Yekare, uye muIndus Valley, miganhu yenyika yaiwanzobatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzemaguta nenzvimbo dzekurima. Umambo hukuru hwakaita sePersia, Roma, neChina yekare hwakavaka masisitimu ekudzivirira—masvingo, nhare, nenzvimbo dzevarindi—senzira yekutsanangura “muganhu” wesimba. Semuenzaniso, Rusvingo Rukuru rweChina rwakanga rusiri chipingamupinyi chemuviri chete, asiwo muganhu wechiratidzo pakati pebudiriro yekurima nenyika yemasango kuchamhembe.
Zvisinei, pasinei nekuyedza uku kwekuisa miganho, miganhu munguva iyi yakaramba ichichinja-chinja. Sezvo umambo hwaisimba, miganhu yaiwedzera; sezvayaiderera, miganhu yaiderera. Nemamwe mashoko, miganhu yaikonzerwa nesimba rezvematongerwo enyika nerehondo.
2. Makore Epakati: Miganhu Senzvimbo Dzakapesvedzera
MuEurope yeMiddle Ages, hutongi hwehumambo hwakawedzera kuoma pfungwa yemiganhu. Simba raigoverwa pakati pemadzimambo, vakuru vakuru, chechi, nemaguta ekutengeserana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, miganhu yenyika yaiwanzopindirana. Dunhu rinogona kunge riine mutero kune mumwe mutongi asi richiva pasi pemumwe muchitendero.
Munguva iyi, miganhu yaive yakaita se "mabhandi emuganhu" pane mitsetse yakatwasuka. Nzvimbo dzemiganhu dzaiwanzova nehondo, uko masvingo akavakwa uye kubatana kwaiwanzochinja. Mhando dzakafanana dzaivepo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi: Umambo hwekuSoutheast Asia, semuenzaniso, hwaiziva pfungwa yemandala, madenderedzwa esimba ane nzvimbo chaiyo yesimba yaiderera kunze. Izvi zvakaita kuti miganhu ichinjike uye ivimbike nehukama hwezvematongerwo enyika uye mutero.
3. Nguva yeNyika Yemazuva Ano: Kubva kuMatunhu Kuenda kuMitsetse
Shanduko huru dzakaitika apo pfungwa yenyika yemazuva ano yakatanga kuumbwa. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha munhoroondo yemiganhu yenyika chaive Runyararo rweWestphalia (1648), runowanzobatanidzwa nekuzvarwa kwenheyo yehutongi hwenyika nenyika muEurope. Kubva ipapo, kuzivikanwa kwekuti nyika yega yega ine hutongi hwenyika kwakaita kuti pave nemiganhu yakajeka.
Sezvo sainzi yekupenda mepu (mapu), kufamba, uye kutonga kwehurumende kwakawedzera, miganhu yenyika yakatanga kuratidzwa zvakajeka. Nyika dzaida chokwadi chenzvimbo kuti dziunganidze mitero, dzitonge huwandu hwevanhu, dzigadzire mitemo, uye dzivake dziviriro. Mepu dzakava zvishandiso zvematongerwo enyika: kudhirowa miganhu kwaireva kutora nzvimbo.
Munguva iyi, zvibvumirano zvakatanga kuita basa guru. Miganhu yaigadzwa kuburikidza nekutaurirana uye magwaro epamutemo, kwete chete kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwemauto. Kunyange zvakadaro, hondo yakaramba iri chinhu chikuru mukuchinja mepu.
4. Kutonga Kwenyika Nekuumbwa Kwemiganhu Yekugadzira
Nyika dzekuEurope padzakatora Asia, Africa, America, nePacific, miganhu yaiwanzoumbwa nezvido zvevakoloni. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakoloni vakagadzira miganhu yakatwasuka vachitevera nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, vasina kufunga nezvemamiriro emagariro evanhu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, boka redzinza rimwe chete raigona kupatsanurwa kuita nyika dzakasiyana-siyana, kana kuti mapoka akawanda akasiyana aigona kumanikidzwa kupinda munharaunda imwe chete yezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuumbwa kwemiganhu yenyika dzevakoloni kwave nemigumisiro inogara kwenguva refu. Miganhu yakawanda yemiganhu yemunyika mushure merusununguko inobva munhaka yekupatsanurwa kwevakoloni. Africa inowanzotaurwa semuenzaniso, sezvo miganhu yenyika dzayo dzemazuva ano ichinyanya kutevera mhedzisiro yemisangano nezvibvumirano zvevakoloni, kwete mhedzisiro yekuvaka nyika yepanyama. Nyaya dzakafanana dzakaitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAsia neMiddle East, uko miganhu yakadhirowa kudzora zvido zvehurongwa nehupfumi.
5. Zana remakore rechi20: Hondo dzeNyika neKuchinja Kukuru kuMepu yeNyika
Hondo Yenyika I neYechipiri dzakaunza shanduko huru kumiganhu yenyika. Maumambo makuru akaputsika, marudzi matsva akamuka, uye nzvimbo dzakatamiswa kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zverunyararo. Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, marudzi mazhinji matsva akamuka muCentral neEastern Europe. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, mepu yeEurope yakadhirowa zvakare, uye nyika yakapinda munguva yeCold War.
Munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, miganhu yenyika yaivewo nepfungwa dzayo. Rusvingo rweBerlin rwairatidza muganhu wezvematongerwo enyika wakasimba pakati pemapoka ekumadokero neekumabvazuva. Panguva iyi, mafambiro ekubvisa hutongi hwenyika mushure megore ra1945 akabereka nyika dzakawanda dzakazvimiririra muAsia neAfrica. Nyika idzi itsva dzaiwanzochengetedza miganhu yekutonga kwehutongi hwemakoloni kudzivirira kusawirirana, kunyange izvi zvaiwanzosiya nyaya dzekuzivikanwa kwenyika nekubatanidzwa.
6. Kuvandudzwa kweMutemo Wepasi Pose uye Kugadzwa kweMiganhu
Sezvo hukama pakati penyika huchiwedzera, mutemo wepasi rose unoita basa guru mukutonga miganhu. Masangano akadai seSangano reNyika (UN) anokurudzira kugadzirisa kusawirirana kuburikidza nekukurukurirana uye nzira dzemutemo. Dare rePasirose reJustice nedare repasi rose rinowanzo shandiswa kuona kuti ndevapi venzvimbo dzine gakava.
Kusarudza miganhu yenyika kunowanzo sanganisira matanho akati wandei: kutaurirana, kusaina zvibvumirano, kuganhura (kudhirowa mitsetse pamepu), uye kuganhura (kuisa zviratidzo zvemiganhu pasi). Maitiro aya anogona kutora nguva yakareba uye anoda ongororo dze geodetic, kuyerwa pamwe chete, uye zvibvumirano zvehunyanzvi.
Munzvimbo dzegungwa, miganhu yenyika yakanyanya kuoma. Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations pamusoro peMutemo weGungwa (UNCLOS) chinopa hurongwa hwekutsanangura makungwa enzvimbo, nzvimbo dzehupfumi dzakasarudzika (EEZs), uye masherufu emakondinendi. Makakatanwa mazhinji emazuva ano haaitike panyika asi mugungwa, sezvo ane chekuita nekubata hove, mafuta, gasi, uye nzira dzekutakura zvinhu.
7. Nguva yeKudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose: Miganhu Yakasimba, Mabasa Anochinja
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunoita kuti pave nepfungwa dzakaipa: miganhu yenyika iri kutsanangurwa zviri pamutemo, asi kufamba kwevanhu, zvinhu, neruzivo zvinoita kuti miganhu inzwe "yakavhurika" mune dzimwe nzira. Semuenzaniso, European Union yakagadzira maitiro anobatsira kufamba kwevanhu vachiyambuka miganhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kune rumwe rutivi, nyaya dzekuchengetedza, kutama, uye kurwisana zvakaita kuti dzimwe nyika dzisimbise miganhu yadzo netekinoroji yemazuva ano yekutarisa.
Tekinoroji iri kuchinjawo manejimendi emiganhu. Kushandiswa kwemasetiraiti, GPS, madrone, uye masisitimu e biometric kwakaita kuti kutarisa miganhu kuve kwakarurama. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi uku kwakagadzirawo matambudziko matsva akadai semhosva dzepasi rose, kutengeswa kwemari zvisiri pamutemo, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemakombiyuta, izvo zvisingazivikanwe miganhu yenyika.
8. Kusawirirana pamiganhu uye kukosha kwekukurukurirana
Kunyangwe mepu yenyika yave yakagadzikana zvichienzaniswa neyakare, kusawirirana kwemiganhu kuchiripo. Kusawirirana uku kunogona kubva mukududzira kwakasiyana kwezvibvumirano zvekare, kuchinja kwemamiriro enzvimbo (semuenzaniso, kuchinja kwenzira dzerwizi), kana kutaura kwenhoroondo kunopesana. Kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku kunoda kutaurirana kwakasimba, ruzivo rwakasimba rwenhoroondo, uye hunyanzvi hwekutaurirana kuti uwane mhinduro dzinobatsirana.
Miganhu yenyika inopesvedzerawo hupenyu hwevanhu vanogara pamiganhu. Munzvimbo zhinji, vanhu vanogara pamiganhu vane hukama hwehukama netsika dzinopfuura miganhu yezvematongerwo enyika. Saka, zvakanaka kuti manejimendi yemiganhu atarisire kwete chete kuchengetedzeka asiwo hutano, mabasa everuzhinji, uye kushandira pamwe kwehupfumi pakati penyika.
Mhedziso
Nhoroondo nekukura kwemiganhu yenyika zvinoratidza kuti miganhu haisi mitsetse chete pamepu, asi mhedzisiro yenzira refu inosanganisira simba, gakava, hutongi hwenyika, kuumbwa kwenyika dzemazuva ano, uye kukura kwemutemo wepasi rose. Kubva pamiganhu yaimbova isina kujeka, inotsanangurwa senzvimbo dzesimba, miganhu yava mitsetse yekuzvitonga inotongwa nezvibvumirano uye inosimbiswa netekinoroji.
Zvisinei, miganhu yenyika inoramba ichichinja-chinja mukukosha kwayo mune zvematongerwo enyika uye munharaunda. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunounza hukama hutsva, asiwo matambudziko matsva. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa nhoroondo yemiganhu yenyika kunotibatsira kuona kuti kugadzikana kwemiganhu hakungotsamiri pamamepu chete, asiwo pahukama hwenyika, kururamisira kwenhoroondo, uye kugona kushanda pamwe chete kutarisana neramangwana.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuti chitarise zvakanyanya mamiriro eIndonesia (semuenzaniso nhoroondo yemiganhu yenyika negungwa yeIndonesia, EEZ, uye makakatanwa emiganhu ekare) kana kuwedzera bhuku rezvinyorwa nemazita.
