Kutarisirwa kweMadziva emvura kwakavakirwa paJografi
Dunhu remvura (DAS) inzvimbo yepasi yakaganhurirwa nemakomo kana mikwidza, uko mvura inonaya inounganidzwa, inonyudzwa, uye pakupedzisira inoendeswa kuburikidza nenhepfenyuro yenzizi kuenda kunzvimbo imwe chete yakadai sedziva, dziva, kana gungwa. Mumamiriro ebudiriro inochengetedza nharaunda, dunhu remvura harisi nzvimbo chete, asi sisitimu inobatanidza zvinhu zvemuviri, zvehupenyu, uye zvehupfumi. Nokudaro, manejimendi edunhu remvura anoda nzira inogona kutsanangura hukama hwenzvimbo, kunzwisisa hunhu hwenzvimbo yega yega, uye kuongorora kukanganisa kwemabasa evanhu kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Apa ndipo panova nzira yenzvimbo inova hwaro hwakakosha hwemanejimendi edunhu remvura anoshanda.
Sei Geography Yakakosha Mukutarisira Nzvimbo Dzemvura?
Geography inodzidza maitiro, maitiro, uye kudyidzana kwezviitiko zviri pamusoro pePasi kubva pamaonero enzvimbo. Mukutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura, nzira yenzvimbo inobatsira kupindura mibvunzo mikuru: kuti dambudziko riri kupi, mvura nezvinhu zvinoyerera sei, ndedzipi nzvimbo dziri panjodzi huru, uye kuti kushandiswa kwenyika kunokanganisa sei kunaka kwemvura nehuwandu hwayo. Nzvimbo dzemvura "dzakabatana": shanduko dziri kumusoro kwerwizi dzinogona kukonzera mafashamo pasi perwizi, kukurwa kwevhu pamawere kunogona kukonzera kudonha kwemvura munzizi nemadhamu, nepo kusvibiswa mumaguta kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzemvura uye kukanganisa mvura yakachena mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Nzira yekutarisa nzvimbo inogonesa manejimendi yakavakirwa pauchapupu nekubatanidza data pamusoro penzvimbo, mamiriro ekunze, hydrology, ivhu, kufukidzwa kwevhu, uye kugoverwa kwevanhu uye zviitiko zvehupfumi. Saka, manejimendi haaitwe zvishoma nezvishoma zvichibva pamiganhu yekutonga, asi anochinjika kumiganhu yezvakatipoteredza yenzvimbo.
Zvikamu zveGeographic muWatershed Analysis
Kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo dzemvura kunowanzo ongorora zvinhu zvakakosha zvinotevera:
1. Kutarisa mativi enzvimbo uye kutsvedza kwenzvimbo
Nzvimbo dzakadzika dzinoona kuti mvura inoyerera sei, kumhanya kwemvura pamusoro pemvura, uye mukana wekukukurwa kwevhu. Nzvimbo dzine materu akadzika dzinowanzoita kuti mvura ibude nekukurumidza uye ivhu rakawanda kana miti ikakanganiswa.
2. Mamiriro ekunze nemvura inonaya
Kusiyana kwenzvimbo inonaya mvura kunokanganisa kubuda kwemvura munzizi, mafashamo, uye kuwanikwa kwemvura munguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Kuongorora nzvimbo kunobatsira kuronga nzvimbo dzinonaya mvura, kuwanda kwakanyanya, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro emwaka.
3. Rudzi rwevhu uye geology
Ivhu rakatsetseka rinokukurwa zviri nyore, ukuwo kugona kupinda mumvura kunoratidza kuti imvura yakawanda sei inopinda muvhu kuti ive pasi pevhu. Maumbirwo evhu ane basa guru munjodzi yekudonha kwevhu uye kuwanikwa kwemvura yemumvura.
4. Kushandiswa kwevhu uye kufukidzwa kwevhu
Masango, magadheni, minda yemupunga, nzvimbo dzekugara, uye kunyange nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri zvine mhedzisiro yakasiyana pakupinda kwemvura, mvura inoyerera, uye kunaka kwemvura. Semuenzaniso, kukura kwemaguta kunowedzera nzvimbo dzisingapindi mvura uye kunowedzera mafashamo emunharaunda.
5. Network yerwizi uye chimiro chemigero
Kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera, chimiro chakakombama, uye mamiriro emuganhu werwizi zvinokanganisa kugona kuchengetwa kwemvura, mukana wekukukurwa kwemvura, uye nzvimbo dzekugara mumvura.
6. Zvemagariro evanhu nehupfumi netsika
Maitiro ekugara kwevanhu, mararamiro avo, huwandu hweurombo, uye hutongi hwenzvimbo zvinopesvedzera kumanikidzwa kwevhu nezviwanikwa zvemvura. Nzvimbo yevanhu inobatsira kunzwisisa kuti ndiani ari kukanganiswa uye ndiani anokonzera shanduko.
Basa reGIS neRemote Sensing
Kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo dzemvura dzemazuva ano kunobatsira zvikuru neGeographic Information Systems (GIS) uye kure. Mifananidzo yesatellite inogona kutarisa shanduko muvhu, hutano hwemiti, huwandu hwemvura inonaya, uye kunyange kusvibiswa kwemvura. GIS inobvumira kubatanidzwa kwedata rakawanda (topography, ivhu, mashandisirwo evhu, mvura inonaya, huwandu hwevanhu) kugadzira mamepu enjodzi yekukukurwa kwevhu, mamepu enjodzi yemafashamo, uye zvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko.
Semuenzaniso, vachishandisa modhi yedigital elevation (DEM), vatungamiriri vanogona kuverenga ma slope gradients uye mapatani ekuyerera kwemvura, vozoona sub-watersheds dzinopa sediment yakawanda. Data iri rinogona kushandiswa kuona nzvimbo dzinonyanya kushanda dzekudyara miti patsva, kugadzira matuta, kana kuvaka madhamu ekudzora sediment.
Matambudziko Akajairika muWatersheds uye Maitiro Enzvimbo
Mamwe ematambudziko anowanzoitika munzvimbo dzemvura anosanganisira:
– Mafashamo emvura anokonzerwa nekushanduka kwevhu kuenda kumusoro, kutetepa kwenzizi, uye kuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzisingapindi mvura munzvimbo dzemaguta.
– Kukukurwa kwevhu nejecha zvinoderedza kugona kwekuchengetedza mvura munzizi nemadhamu, uye zvinokanganisa kudiridza.
– Dambudziko remvura munguva yekusanaya kwemvura nekuda kwekushomeka kwemvura inopinzwa mumvura uye kudzikira kwenzvimbo dzemvura dziri pasi pevhu.
– Kusvibiswa kwemvura kunobva mumarara emumba, kurima (fetereza nemishonga yezvipembenene), uye maindasitiri.
– Kuora kwezvakatipoteredza zvemumipata nekuda kwezvivakwa zviri pamhenderekedzo dzenzizi uye kuchekwa kwemiti mumhenderekedzo dzenzizi.
Nzira yekutarisa mamiriro enzvimbo inoona dambudziko iri senzira dzakatevedzana dzekuchinjana kwematunhu. Semuenzaniso, mafashamo haangonzwisiswi se "mvura yakawanda," asi sekubatana kwemvura yakawanda, mamiriro emawere, nzvimbo yakafukidza ivhu, kugona kwerwizi, uye kuronga maguta. Nekuongorora nzvimbo, kupindira kunogona kunangwa panzvimbo dzakakosha dzine simba guru.
Nheyo dzeKutarisira Nzvimbo dzeMadziva emvura
Kuti ishande zvakanaka uye igare kwenguva refu, manejimendi enzvimbo dzemvura anowanzo tevedzera misimboti inotevera:
1. Zvichibva pazvikamu zvemvura, kwete zvekutonga chete
Zvirongwa zvemaguta/matunhu zvinofanirwa kubatanidzwa nekuti nzizi hadzizivi miganhu yehurumende.
2. Kumusoro-kudzika sechikamu chimwe chete
Kugadziriswazve kwemvura kumusoro kwerwizi kwakakosha kuderedza mafashamo nekudonha kwevhu, ukuwo kuvandudzwa kwemvura inoyerera uye kupatsanurwa kwemiganhu kwakakosha pasi perwizi.
3. Kuronga nzvimbo nenzvimbo zvinokosha
Hadzisi nzvimbo dzese dzinoda kurapwa kwakafanana. Nzvimbo dzinokanganiswa nekudengenyeka kwevhu, ivhu rakanyanya, kana nzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda dzinofanira kukosheswa.
4. Kubatanidzwa kwekuchengetedza nekushandisa
Kuchengetedza ivhu nemvura hazvirevi kuti vanhu vanosvika padanho repamusoro, asi kuti kuronga mashandisirwo evhu zvichienderana nekwaniso yevhu.
5. Kutora chikamu kwenharaunda uye mukana wakakodzera wekuwana
Mitemo yakanaka inofanira kunzwisisa zvinodiwa munharaunda, kubatanidza mapoka evanhu vasina simba, uye kuenzanisa zvido zvevashandisi vemvura.
Maitiro Ekutarisira Anoshanda
Kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura kwakavakirwa pamamiriro enzvimbo kunowanzo sanganisa nzira dzekuvaka nedzisiri dzekuvaka:
- Kugadziriswa kwemasango nekurima miti munzvimbo dzakadzika kuti kuwedzere kupinda kwemiti mumasango uye kudzora kukurwa kwevhu.
– Kuchengetedza ivhu zvakaita sekukanda matera, migero yemakomo, zvirimwa zvinofukidza vhu, uye kutarisira migwagwa yemubindu kuitira kuti isave nzira dzekuyerera kwemvura.
- Kudzivirirwa kwemiganhu yenzizi kuburikidza nekudyara miti iri mumipata, kudzora zvivakwa zvisiri pamutemo, uye kugadzirisa mahombekombe enzizi.
- Kudzora marara nekushandisa macheki madhamu, rorak, matsime ekupinda muvhu, uye kutarisira kwakasimba kuchera matongo eC.
– Kutarisira nzvimbo dzemaguta: kuwedzera nzvimbo dzakasvibira, zvivakwa zvegirini (ma biopores, magadheni anopinza mvura), uye masisitimu emvura asingakuvadzi nharaunda.
- Kudzora kusvibiswa kwevhu kuburikidza nemiti yekuchenesa mvura yakasviba, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari ekurima, uye kutarisirwa kwemaindasitiri.
Maitiro ese aya achanyanya kunangwa kana akatsigirwa nemepu yezviito zvinotarisirwa kubva kuGIS, kuitira kuti nzvimbo, chiyero, uye kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvive pachena.
Matambudziko Okuita
Pasinei nepfungwa yayo yakasimba, kushandiswa kwekutonga kwenzvimbo dzemvura kunowanzosangana nematambudziko: kubatana kwemasangano akasiyana, kudyidzana kwemasimba, kusawirirana kwezvido zvevhu, data shoma, uye zvipikirwa zvemari zvisingaenderane. Uyezve, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inowedzera kusava nechokwadi kuburikidza nezviitiko zvemvura zvakanyanya uye mwaka wemvura wakareba. Nokudaro, kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura kunoda kugadziriswa: kugadzirisa data renzvimbo nguva dzose, kutarisa zviratidzo zvekushanda, uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekuongorora.
Penutup
Kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo dzemvura kunoona nzvimbo dzemvura senzvimbo dzakabatana kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi pemvura, zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvepanyama, zvezvakatipoteredza, uye zvehupfumi. Nerubatsiro rweGIS uye ruzivo rwekure, nzira iyi inogona kuona panobva matambudziko, kuyera njodzi, uye kuisa pamberi zvirongwa zvinoshanda uye zvakaenzana. Pakupedzisira, kutarisira nzvimbo dzemvura kwakanaka hakusi kungoderedza mafashamo kana kupa mvura chete, asiwo kuchengetedza kuenzana kwenzvimbo, kuchengetedza mararamiro enharaunda, uye kuona kuti zviwanikwa zvinogara kwenguva refu zvezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
