Hunhu uye Mashandiro eMepu dzeContour
Mamepu eContour imhando yakakosha yemepu mujogirafi, kuronga kwedunhu, mainjiniya ehurumende, masango, migodhi, uye kunyange mabasa ekunze akadai sekufamba netsoka. Mamepu eContour anotibvumira kunzwisisa chimiro chepasi zvakanyatsonaka pasina kufanira kuchiona zvakananga mumunda. Mamepu aya anogona "kushandura" musiyano wenzvimbo kana kukwirira kwenzvimbo kuita mitsara iri nyore kuverenga. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura hunhu hukuru hwemamepu econtour uye mashandisirwo awo akasiyana-siyana muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nebasa rehunyanzvi.
Kunzwisisa Mamepu eContour
Mepu yeContour imepu inoratidza musiyano wekukwirira pamusoro peNyika uchishandisa mitsetse yeContour. Mitsetse yeContour imitsara yekufungidzira inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine kukwirira kwakaenzana pamusoro pegungwa. Nekuti inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine kukwirira kwakaenzana, mitsetse yeContour inopa ruzivo rwakajeka nezvenzvimbo dzenyika, dzakadai semakomo, mipata, matunhu akafara, uye materu.
Mitsetse yenzvimbo inowanikwa kazhinji pamamepu enzvimbo. Kunyangwe mamepu enzvimbo achiwanzova neruzivo rwakawanda (migwagwa, nzizi, zvinomera, nzvimbo dzekugara), mitsetse yenzvimbo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakuratidza divi renzvimbo.
Hunhu hweMepu dzeContour
Kuti tinzwisise mamepu emadziro zvakanaka, tinofanira kuziva hunhu hwawo. Hunhu uhwu hunoita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga, kududzira, uye kushandisa ruzivo rwekukwirira uye mawere.
1. Mitsetse yeContour inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine kukwirira kwakaenzana.
Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti mutsetse wega wega we contour unomiririra kukosha kwekukwirira. Kana mutsetse we contour wakanyorwa kuti "200" pamepu, zvinoreva kuti mutsetse wese uri pamamita mazana maviri pamusoro pegungwa. Saka, chero ani zvake anogona kufungidzira kukwirira kwenzvimbo nekutarisa mutsetse we contour uri pedyo.
2. Mitsetse yeContour Haisi Kusangana
Muchokwadi, mitsetse miviri yecontour haimbofi yakapesana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nzvimbo imwe chete pamusoro pePasi haigone kuva nekukwirira kwakasiyana kaviri panguva imwe chete. Zvisinei, mune zviitiko zvakakosha, zvakaita semawere akamira kana kuti pamusoro penzvimbo dzakatarisana, mitsetse yecontour inogona kuoneka iri pedyo zvakanyanya, kunyange kupindirana, asi isingapindirane muzviratidzo zvakajairwa.
3. Nguva dzeContour dzakagadzika muMepu Imwe Chete
Chikamu checontour musiyano uripo pakati pemitsara miviri yakatevedzana yecontour. Semuenzaniso, kana chikamu checontour chiri mamita gumi, musiyano uripo pakati pemutsetse mumwe kuenda kune mumwe unogara uri mamita gumi (semuenzaniso, 100 m, 110 m, 120 m, zvichingodaro). Chikamu checontour chinowanzo nyorwa munhoroondo yemepu uye chinosarudzwa zvichibva pachiyero chemepu uye huwandu hwenzvimbo iri kurongwa.
4. Kuwanda kwemutsetse kunoratidza kuti materu akatsetseka
Kuwanda kwemitsara yecontour chiratidzo chakakosha zvikuru. Kana mitsara yecontour iri pedyo zvakanyanya, zvinoratidza kuti pane mawere akakwirira nekuti kukwirira kunoitika padanho diki rakatwasuka. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mitsara yecontour iri kure, nzvimbo yacho inenge yakapfava kana kuti yakati sandara.
Hunhu uhwu hunobatsira vashandisi kuona kuoma kwenzvimbo, njodzi yekudonha kwevhu, uye kukodzera kwenzvimbo yacho kuti ivandudzwe.
5. Gadzira Patani Yezvikomo Nemipata
Mapatani emitsara yekontour anogona kuratidza chimiro chenyika:
– Chikomo kana gomo: mitsetse yedenderedzwa inoumba denderedzwa rakavharwa, uye kukosha kwekukwirira kunowedzera kuchienda pakati.
– Mabheseni kana nzvimbo dzakadzika: mitsetse yecontour yakavharwawo, asi inowanzo nyorwa nezviratidzo zvakakosha (semuenzaniso mitsetse yakakombama) uye hurefu hunova hudiki huchienda pakati.
– Mupata: mitsetse yedenderedzwa inoumba bhii rekuti “V” rakanongedzera kumusoro (kune nzvimbo dzakakwirira).
– Ridge: contour inoumba patani ye "V" kana "U" inotungamira pasi (kune imwe nzvimbo yakaderera).
Nekuziva mapatani aya, vaverengi vemepu vanogona kunzwisisa chimiro chepamusoro vasina kana kutarisa mifananidzo yemudenga.
6. Kune mitsara ye index nemitsetse yepakati
Pamamepu mazhinji econtour, kune mitsetse yakakora yakanyorwa kuti elevations, inonzi index lines. Mitsetse iyi inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vaverengi vaone nekukurumidza kukwirira. Pakati pemitsetse ye index pane mitsetse yakatetepa yepakati.
Semuenzaniso, mutsetse wega wega wechishanu unogadzirwa semucherechedzo, nepo mitsara mina iri pakati yakatetepa.
7. Kuratidza Rusununguko Muzvikamu Zviviri
Kunyangwe zvichiratidza chimiro chepasi (chinove chemativi matatu), mamepu emadziro anoramba ari maviri. Chakanakira mamepu emadziro kugona kwawo kuendesa ruzivo rwekukwirira panzvimbo yakati sandara, ukuwo achibvumira vashandisi kududzira huwandu hwenyika.
Basa reMepu yeContour
Mamepu eContour haangobatsiri chete pazvidzidzo zvejogirafi, asiwo ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana mumabasa akasiyana-siyana. Heano mamwe emabasa makuru emamepu econtour.
1. Sarudza Maumbirwo eNyika uye Kureba kweNzvimbo
Basa guru remepu yecontour nderekupa ruzivo nezvekukwira kwenzvimbo uye nzvimbo yacho. Mepu dzecontour dzinotibvumira kuona kana nzvimbo yacho yakaita seyakajeka, ine makomo, ine makomo, kana kuti yakaita semupata. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakuongorora mafambiro enzvimbo, kutarisira zviwanikwa, uye kuronga mashandisirwo evhu.
2. Kuronga Kwebudiriro uye Kuronga Nzvimbo
Mukuronga kwemaguta nematunhu, mamepu emadziro ndiwo hwaro hwekuona nzvimbo dzekuvaka dzakachengeteka uye dzinoshanda zvakanaka. Kuvakwa kwedzimba, migwagwa mikuru, njanji, madhamu, uye kunyange nzira dzemvura dzinoyerera kunoda ruzivo rwekutsika nekukwira.
Muenzaniso:
- Migwagwa inowanzogadzirwa kudzivirira mikwidza yakanyanyisa nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa uye kuderedza mari yekuvaka.
– Zvakanaka kuti nzvimbo dzekugara dzisavakwe munzvimbo dzinosangana nemafashamo (nzvimbo dzakaderera zvakanyanya) kana kuti dzinosangana nekudengenyeka kwenyika (nzvimbo dzakadzika).
3. Kuongorora kweMadziva emvura uye Kutarisirwa kweMvura
Mamepu ematanho anobatsira kuona divi remvura inoyerera. Mvura inoyerera kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, uye mapatani ematanho anogona kuratidza nzira dzerwizi, nzvimbo dzinowana mvura, uye nzvimbo dzinogona kugadzirirwa madhamu kana madhamu.
Muinjiniya yemvura, mamepu emadziro anoshandiswa ku:
- fungidzira mukana wekuti mafashamo aitike,
- kuronga nzira dzekudiridza,
- tsvaga nzvimbo dzinochengetera mvura,
- nzwisisa maitiro ekuyerera kwemvura pamusoro.
4. Kuderedza Njodzi Dzechisikigo
Mamepu enzvimbo dzine miganhu anoita basa guru mukuderedza njodzi, dzakadai sekudonha kwevhu, mafashamo, uye kukurwa kwevhu. Materu akakora ane makomba ari pedyo ari panjodzi huru yekudonha kwevhu, kunyanya kana ivhu risina kugadzikana kana kuti zvinomera zvakatetepa. Panguva iyi, nzvimbo dzakaderera dziri pedyo nenzizi dzinowanzova panjodzi yekubatwa nemafashamo.
Nekushandisa mamepu ematanho, vane masimba vanogona:
- sarudza nzvimbo dzinoitika njodzi,
- gadzira hurongwa hwekubuda,
- kuronga mashandisirwo evhu kuderedza njodzi dzenjodzi.
5. Mabasa ekuongorora neinjiniya
Mukugadzira zvinhu zvekuvaka nekuvaka, mamepu emadziro anoshandiswa pakugadzira nekuongorora mabasa epasi (kucheka nekuzadza). Ruzivo rwekukwirira runobatsira kuverenga kuti ivhu rakawanda sei rinofanira kucherwa kana kuzadzwa kuti nzvimbo igadzirire kuvakwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, mamepu emhando yepamusoro anoshandiswawo mu:
- kuvaka mabhiriji nematunnel,
- kuronga mapaipi netambo,
- dhizaini yenzira dzekubvisa mvura uye dzekuchenesa.
6. Kufamba-famba uye Mabasa Ekunze
Kune vanokwira makomo, vanoongorora zvisikwa, kana vanofarira nzvimbo dzekunze, mamepu emadziro anobatsira zvikuru kune:
- sarudza nzira yekukwira inokodzera hunyanzvi hwako,
- fungidzira kukwira nekudzika,
- dzivisa mawere kana nzvimbo dzakanyanya kuoma,
– fungidzira nzvimbo yemvura (mipata inowanzova nzira yemvura inoyerera).
Kugona kushandisa mamepu emhando yepamusoro kunogona kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka kwekufamba uye kushanda zvakanaka.
7. Dzidzo neKutsvagisa
Muzvikoro nemayunivhesiti, mamepu emadziro anoshanda sechishandiso chekudzidza chekunzwisisa topography, geomorphology, uye maitiro anoumba pamusoro peNyika. Mukutsvagisa, mamepu emadziro anobatsira mukuongorora shanduko yekushandiswa kwevhu, kutevedzera kukanganiswa kwevhu, uye kudzidza nezvezvakatipoteredza.
Penutup
Mamepu eContour zvishandiso zvinobudirira zvikuru zvekuona pakuratidza pamusoro peNyika kuburikidza nemitsetse inomiririra kukwirira kwakaenzana. Hunhu hwayo—semitsetse yecontour isingaparadzanise, nguva dzakatarwa dzecontour, kuwanda kwemitsara kunoratidza matsetse, uye mapatani akasiyana mumakomo nemumipata—zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga nekuongorora zvakarongeka. Mashandisirwo ayo akafara, kubva pakuronga budiriro uye kugadzirisa mvura kusvika pakuderedza njodzi nemabasa einjiniya kusvika pakufamba kwekunze.
Nekunzwisisa mamepu econtour, hatingogone kuaverenga zviri nani chete asiwo kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakawanda maererano nekushandiswa nekutarisira nzvimbo. Kana ikashandiswa nokungwarira, mamepu econtour anogona kupa mabhenefiti akakosha pakuchengetedza, kushanda zvakanaka kwebudiriro, uye kuchengetedza nharaunda.
