Maitiro Ekuziva Mhando dzeIvhu Mumunda
Kuziva mhando dzevhu mumunda inyanzvi yakakosha kuvarimi, varimi veminda, vadzidzi, vaongorori, nevashandi vekuvaka. Ivhu harisi "nzvimbo yekurima" chete, asi ihurongwa hwechisikigo hunokanganisa kuwanikwa kwemvura, zvinovaka muviri, mhepo inoyerera, kukura kwemidzi, uye kugadzikana kwezvivakwa. Nekungoziva mhando dzevhu panzvimbo yacho (pasina michina yerabhoritari), tinogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakadzama: kusarudza zvirimwa, kusarudza nzira dzekutarisira ivhu, kugadzira nzira dzekudhonza mvura, kana kuona zvinodiwa pakuvandudza fetereza nechimiro chevhu.
Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura nzira dzinoshanda dzekuziva mhando dzevhu mumunda kuburikidza nekucherechedza, bvunzo dziri nyore, uye kududzira mhedzisiro.
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1. Nzwisisa "rudzi rwevhu" riri kutaurwa nezvaro
Mumunda, "rudzi rwevhu" rinowanzoreva zvinhu zvakawanda panguva imwe chete, zvinoti:
1. Magadzirirwo evhu: chiyero chejecha, silt, uye zvidimbu zvevhu. Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kuzivikanwa.
2. Maumbirwo evhu: chimiro chezvikamu zvevhu/zvimedu (zvimedu, mapundu, prismatic, nezvimwewo).
3. Mamiriro emakemikari ari nyore: akadai sevhu rine acidic (pH yakaderera) kana rine lime (calcite), munyu, kana zvinhu zvakasikwa.
4. Mamiriro ezvinhu emuviri: kuyerera kwemvura, kuwanda kwemvura, kudzika kwayo kunoshanda, uye hardpan.
Muchinyorwa chino, chinangwa chikuru ndechekuziva magadzirirwo echinhu uye chinowedzerwa nezvimwe zviratidzo zviri nyore kuita mumunda.
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2. Kugadzirira usati waona
Usati waita bvunzo, ita gadziriro dziri nyore kuti mhedzisiro yekuongorora ive yakarurama:
– Sarudza nzvimbo dzekutora sampuli: Tora nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinoratidza nzvimbo (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo 3–5). Dzivisa pedyo nemirwi yemanyowa, migwagwa, nzvimbo dzinopisirwa zvinhu, kana nzvimbo dzichangobva kuzadzwa.
– Chera ivhu: zvakanaka kuti udzike 20–30 cm kuti uone purazi rekurima. Kana zvichibvira, tarisawo purazi repasi kusvika 50–80 cm.
– Nyora mamiriro enzvimbo yacho: materu, madziva, zvinomera zvakawanda, nhoroondo yenyika (minda yemupunga, minda, migero), uye mabasa evanhu.
Zvishandiso zvinobatsira: badza/foshoro diki, mudziyo, mvura yakakwana, bhodhoro rekupfapfaidza, uye kana richiwanikwa, bepa repH kana chiyereso chepH chinotakurika.
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3. Kuziva magadzirirwo evhu uchishandisa bvunzo ye "feel-roll" (nzira yekunzwa)
Nzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa uye dzinoshanda ndedzekuti "feel test" (kubata) uye "roll test" kuti vaone kuti ivhu, jecha, uye ivhu rakawanda zvakadii.
A. Kuedza nekukurumidza: kunzwa kana wabatwa
Tora chitsama chevhu rakanyorova (risina kunyorova). Svina wokwiza pakati peminwe:
– Ivhu rejecha: rinoita serakaoma, tsanga dzinoonekwa zvakajeka, dzinonetsa kusanganisa, dzinodonha nekukurumidza.
– Ivhu rine matope/guruva: rinonzwa zvakanaka sehupfu, rinotsvedza kana rakaoma, rinoita seriva kana rakanyorova.
– Ivhu: rinoita serakanamira uye rakaita sepurasitiki kana rakanyorova, rinogona kuumbwa, rinotsvedza asi "rinorema", rinowanzosiya mavanga paminwe.
B. Kuedzwa kweribhoni
1. Nyorovesa ivhu zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika ragona kukwizwa.
2. Gadzira mabhora madiki woapeta mumaoko ako.
3. Dzvanya pakati pechigunwe chako chikuru nechinongedzo kuti ugadzire "ribhoni" refu.
Dudziro iri nyore:
– Haigone kugadzira ribhoni (dzinotsemuka/dzinotyoka pakarepo): jecha rinotonga.
– Ribhoni pfupi (± 1–2 cm): jecha rakaita sejecha kana ivhu rine ivhu shoma.
– Mutsetse wepakati (± 2–5 cm): ivhu repakati (vhu rakaita sedope).
– Ribhoni refu (> 5 cm) uye rinochinjika: ivhu rakawanda.
Sanganisa nezvinonaka:
– Kana bhandi racho rikaita asi richiita serakaomarara: pane jecha rakawanda → kazhinji jecha revhu kana rakafanana naro.
– Kana ribhoni ikaumbwa uye ichiita kunge yakatsetseka (isina kukwesha): inowanzoita sevhu revhu rakaita sedope.
Nzira iyi haiburitse nhamba chaidzo, asi yakasimba zvakakwana pakupatsanura zvinhu mumunda.
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4. Bvunzo iri nyore yekuisa mvura mubhodhoro (bvunzo yebhodhoro)
Kana uchida mhinduro dziri pachena pasina rabhoritari, ita bvunzo yemvura:
1. Zadza ivhu rakatsetseka rinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chebhodhoro rakachena (risina matombo/midzi).
2. Wedzera mvura kusvika yazara.
3. Wedzera sipo/sipo yemvura shoma (madonhwe 1–2) kuti ibatsire pakupararira.
4. Zunza nesimba kwemaminitsi 1-2, wobva warega zvimire.
Nguva yekucherwa kwevhu (fungidziro yakajairika):
– Jecha rinotanga kugadzika (mumaminitsi).
– Dongo rinozopera (mukati memaawa mashoma).
– Zvinotora nguva yakareba (inogona kuva mazuva 1-2) uye zvinoita kuti mvura ive nemakore kwenguva yakareba.
Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, unowanzoona chidimbu che:
– pasi: jecha,
– pakati: ivhu,
– pamusoro: ivhu (dzimwe nguva rakatetepa asi rakajeka),
– pamusoro: mvura ine makore + zvinhu zvipenyu zvinoyangarara.
Kubva pakukora kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe, unogona kufungidzira chikamu chikuru. Kunyange zvazvo chisina kunyatsojeka sekuongorora magadzirirwo emurabhoritari, bvunzo iyi inobatsira zvikuru pakudzidza uye pakusarudza mumunda.
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5. Kucherechedza ruvara rwevhu nezvarinoreva
Ruvara rwevhu runoratidza zvinhu zvipenyu, kubuda kwemvura, uye oxidation:
– Dema/brown yakasviba: ine zvakawanda zvakasikwa, inowanzova yakaorera uye yakasununguka (asi tarisai magadzirirwo).
– Tsvuku/yero: ine iron oxide yakawanda, inowanzo svinwa mvura zvakanaka, uye ivhu "rakasanganiswa". Inowanzo kuwanikwa muvhu rekare munzvimbo dzinopisa.
– Gireyi/bhuruu-gireyi: zvinoratidza kuti ivhu rinowanzo zara nemvura (inobvisa mvura yakawanda), harina mvura yakakwana, uye rinogona kufashamirwa nemvura.
– Madonhwe matsvuku-grey: kuchinja-chinja kwemvura yepasi pevhu; dzimwe nguva inozadzwa nemvura munguva yemvura uye inooma munguva yekusanaya kwemvura.
Cherechedza: ruvara runokanganisa hunyoro, saka cherechedza munzvimbo dzine hunyoro nedzisina mvura pese pazvinogoneka.
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6. Ongorora chimiro chevhu uye kurima kuri nyore
Maumbirwo anoratidza kuti zvidimbu zvevhu zvinoumba sei zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:
– Chimiro chezvimedu (zvimedu zvakatetepa): chinoita sezvimedu zvidiki, zviri nyore kupwanywa, mhepo yakanaka—zvinowanzo batsira kurima.
– Masumbu makuru/makuru: ivhu rinowanzova rakakora, rakaoma kurima, midzi inonetsa kupinda mukati.
– Rutivi rwakaoma (pani yakaoma/pani yegejo): runowanikwa pakadzika kwakati, rwakaoma kana rwaoma, runodzivisa midzi nemvura.
Edza bvunzo iri nyore:
- Chera chidimbu chidiki, tarisa kana paine zvikamu zvakasiyana.
– Bata nesimbi diki/sikuruu: kana paine kudzika kwakati kwakaoma kamwe kamwe, pamwe panenge paine jira rakasimba.
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7. Kuyedza kuyerera kwemvura: kuyedza maburi ekubuda mvura
Kuyerera kwemvura kunoratidza kana ivhu richiburitsa mvura nekukurumidza kana kuti richiichengeta kwenguva yakareba.
Danho:
1. Gadzira gomba rine dhayamita ± 15–20 cm, ± kudzika 30 cm.
2. Zadza mvura kusvika pamusoro, rega inyorove (iyi inenge yanyoroveswa kare).
3. Zadza zvakare, wobva wayera nguva yainodzikira.
Dudziro isina kunaka:
– Kudzikira kwemvura nekukurumidza: ivhu rejecha kana ivhu rine maburi makuru akawanda; mvura inorasika nyore nyore, inoda kudiridza/kutungamirwa kwemanyowa zvakanaka.
– Mvura yakadzika zvishoma: kazhinji yakanakira zvirimwa zvakawanda.
– Mvura inodzika zvishoma nezvishoma/mvura inogara kwenguva refu: ivhu rakawanda, kana kuti ine jira risingapindi mvura; njodzi yekuti midzi isawane oxygen.
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8. Zviratidzo zvevhu rine calcium, acidic, kana saline
Mamwe marudzi evhu ane "hunhu hwakasiyana" hunogona kuonekwa zviri nyore:
A. Ivhu reCalcite
– Hunhu: kazhinji zvidimbu zvichena, ivhu rakareruka zvishoma.
– Bvunzo: donhedza vhiniga muvhu; kana ikaburitsa maburi, pane carbonate (lime).
B. Ivhu rine acid
– Hunhu hwakajairika: kukura kwemiti yakati kwadzikira, mamwe mamosses/shrub ndiwo anotonga (kwete nguva dzose).
– Bvunzo: shandisa bepa re pH kana chiyereso che pH chinotakurika. Ivhu rine acidic rinowanzova pH < 5,5. C. Ivhu remunyu/sodium - Hunhu: pamusoro pevhu pakaita goko jena, ivhu rinonetseka kunwisa mvura, zvirimwa zvinoita se "zvakatsva" pamipendero yemashizha. - Bvunzo iri nyore: kuravira kwemunyu parurimi hakukurudzirwi; zviri nani kushandisa chiyereso cheEC chinotakurika kana chiripo, kana kuona zviratidzo zvemunda negoko remunyu. --- 9. Kusanganisa mhedzisiro: muenzaniso wekududzira nekukurumidza Kuti zvive nyore, heino muenzaniso wekubatanidza zviratidzo zvakati wandei: - Yakakombama, haigone kuderedzwa, mvura inodzikira nekukurumidza → ivhu rejecha: rakakodzera zvirimwa zvisinganayi mvura, asi rinoda kufefetedza kakawanda uye mulch. - Rakanaka, rinotsvedza sehupfu, ribhoni pfupi-pakati, rinopwanyika nyore nyore → ivhu rakawanda: rakaorera asi rinokurumidza kukukurwa; rinoda chifukidziro chevhu. - Ribhoni dzakanamira, refu, dzinowanzova nematope, dzinotsemuka kana dzaoma → ivhu rakawanda: rinochengeta mvura zvakanaka, asi rinokurumidza kukukurwa; rinoda zvinhu zvakasikwa uye kutarisirwa kwakachenjera. --- 10. Mhedziso: Kiyi Yekubudirira Mukuziva Ivhu Kuziva mhando dzevhu mumunda zvakanaka kuti zviitwe uchishandisa musanganiswa we: 1) kuyedza magadzirirwo (kunzwa netepi), 2) kuyedza madhaka ebhodhoro, 3) kutarisa ruvara, chimiro, uye kuyerera kwemvura, uye 4) kuyedza pH/lime zviri nyore kana zvichidikanwa. Kana ukanyanya kudzidzira nemaoko uye uchienzanisa mhedzisiro nemamiriro emiti uye maitiro emvura mumunda, "pfungwa yako yevhu" ichave yakarurama. Kana sarudzo yacho iri yematambudziko makuru - semuenzaniso, kuvaka nheyo, kugadzirisa ivhu, kana kurima zvakanyanya - mhedzisiro yemunda inofanira kusimbiswa nekuyedza kwerabhoritari (kuongorora magadzirirwo, pH, organic carbon, NPK, CEC, uye salinity). Nenzira iyi, unogona kunzwisisa ivhu kwete kubva pamusoro chete, asiwo kubva kuhunhu hwepanyama nemakemikari hunosarudza kubereka uye kugarika kwevhu. --- Kana uchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo (semuenzaniso, kune varimi vemupunga, minda yemafuta emuchindwe, kurima horticulture, kana zvinodiwa zve geotechnical) uye kuwedzera tafura yakadzama yekupatsanura magadzirirwo.
