Maumbirwo uye Basa reEndoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) inhengo inokosha iri mukati memasero eukaryotic, ichiita basa guru mukugadzirwa, kugadziriswa, uye kuparadzirwa kwemamorekuru akasiyana-siyana. Iyi nhengo inoumba network yakakura, yakabatana ye membranes, yakafanana ne "fekitori" uye "nzira yekufambisa" mukati mesero. Nekuda kwemabasa ayo akasiyana-siyana, endoplasmic reticulum inokosha pakuchengetedza kupona kwemasero uye kuona kuti maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu anoshanda zvakanaka.
Tsanangudzo uye Tsananguro Yakazara yeEndoplasmic Reticulum
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, endoplasmic reticulum isystem yemukati me membrane inotenderera cytoplasm. Inoumbwa nemachannels akabatana akatsetseka uye matubules (machubhu madiki). ER inowanzo kuwanikwa pedyo nenucleus yesero uye yakabatana zvakananga ne membrane yenyukireya. Hukama uhwu hunoratidza kuti ER yakabatana nedzimwe membrane systems dziri mukati mesero, dzakadai seGolgi apparatus, lysosomes, uye plasma membrane.
Endoplasmic reticulum yakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri huru: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) uye smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER). Kunyangwe ese ari maviri ari chikamu chenetwork imwe chete yemembrane, kusiyana kwawo kwemaumbirwo kunotungamira kune musiyano wakasiyana wekushanda.
Maumbirwo eEndoplasmic Reticulum
1. Maumbirwo eMembrane neCavity (Lumen)
Reticulum ye endoplasmic inogadzirwa ne membrane ine phospholipid mbiri, yakafanana ne membrane yesero. Kamudzira aka kanoumba nzvimbo yemukati inonzi lumen (kana cisternae). Kamudzira aka kanoshanda senzvimbo yezviitiko zvakakosha zvemakemikari, kunyanya izvo zvine chekuita nekugadzirisa mapuroteni uye kuchengetwa kwemaion.
Ma network eRE anogona kunge ari muchimiro che:
– Cisternae: masaga marefu, akati sandara, anowanzo kuwanikwa mu rough ER.
– Matubhu: zvivakwa zvakaita semapaipi, zvinonyanya kuoneka muER yakatsetseka.
Kusiyana uku muchimiro kunotsigira mashandiro echikamu chimwe nechimwe. Broad cisternae inobatsira kugadzira nekushandura mapuroteni, nepo machubhu achishanda zvakanyanya pakugadzira mafuta uye kubvisa tsvina mumuviri.
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
ER yakaoma inonzi "rough" nekuti pamusoro payo pakazara ribosomes, dzinoonekwa semadotsi kana dzichitariswa uchishandisa maikorosikopu eelectron. Aya ma ribosomes ndiwo anowanikwa mapuroteni. Nokudaro, rough ER inowanzo kuwanikwa mumasero anogadzira mapuroteni, akadai semasero epancreas (anogadzira ma enzymes ekugaya) kana masero eplasma (anogadzira ma antibodies).
Hunhu hukuru hwe rough ER:
- Ine ribosomes dzakabatana nepamusoro pe membrane.
– Chimiro chacho chinowanzova chirongo chakati sandara.
– Iri pedyo nenucleus uye yakabatana ne membrane yenyukireya.
3. Reticulum Yakatsetseka yeEndoplasmic (ER Yakatsetseka)
Kusiyana neER isina kusimba, ER yakapfava haina ribosomes pamusoro payo, zvichiita kuti iite seyakapfava. ER yakapfava inowanzoonekwa se network yema branching tubules. Iyi organelle inonyanya kushandiswa mumasero anoshanda mukugadzirwa kwemafuta kana metabolism yemamwe makemikari, akadai semasero echiropa (hepatocytes) nemasero eglandular anogadzira mahormone e steroid.
Hunhu hukuru hwe ER yakatsetseka:
- Hazvina kubatana ne ribosomes.
- Yakaita sechubhu yakawanda.
- Inobatsira zvikuru mukugadzirwa kwemafuta mumuviri, kubvisa chepfu mumuviri, uye kuchengetedza calcium ion.
Mabasa eEndoplasmic Reticulum
1. Kugadzirwa kweMapuroteni (Basa Guru reRough ER)
Rimwe remabasa akakosha e rough ER kugadzira mapuroteni, kunyanya mapuroteni ayo:
– Inoburitswa kunze kwesero (semuenzaniso mamwe ma enzyme nemahormone),
- Kuva chikamu che membrane yesero,
- Inotumirwa kune mamwe ma organelles, akadai se lysosomes.
Maitiro acho anotanga apo ribosomes inoshandura ruzivo rwemajini (mRNA) kuita cheni dzepolypeptide. Mapuroteni akagadzirwa anopinda mu lumen yeER kuti apetwe kuita chimiro chawo chakakodzera chemativi matatu. Kudzora kunaka kunoitikawo pano: mapuroteni asina kupetwa zvakanaka anogona kuonekwa uye kugadziriswa zvakare kudzivirira kushanda kwemasero.
2. Kugadziriswa uye Kugadziriswa kweMapuroteni
Pamusoro pekugadzira mapuroteni, ER inoagadzirisawo kuti agadzirire kushandiswa. Mamwe maitiro akakosha anoitika muER anosanganisira:
- Kuumbwa kwezvisungo zve disulfide kuti pave nekugadzikana kwechimiro cheprotein,
– Kuwedzerwa kweshuga mumapuroteni (glycosylation) kwekutanga,
– Kupeta mapuroteni nerubatsiro rwemapuroteni echaperone.
Mhedzisiro yekugadzirwa uku inobatsira kuti puroteni isvike pakushanda kwayo uye kuona kuti puroteni ichatumirwa kupi.
3. Kutakurwa kweMamorekuru kuenda kune mamwe maOrganelles
ER inoshanda se "nzira yekugovera" nekuti inogona kutakura mapuroteni nemalipids kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzesero. Mamorekuru anoshandiswa muER anoiswa muma vesicles madiki obva atumirwa kuGolgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus inobva yaaronga nekuachinja asati atungamira mapuroteni kana mafuta kunzvimbo yawo yekupedzisira, senge plasma membrane kana kuti anoburitswa kunze kwesero.
4. Kugadzirwa kweLipid neSteroid (Basa Guru reSmooth ER)
ER yakatsetseka ndiyo nzvimbo inoumba mafuta mukati mesero. Mafuta aya anosanganisira:
- MaPhospholipid anoumba membrane yemasero,
- Cholesterol,
– Mahormone eSteroid (semuenzaniso estrogen ne testosterone) mune mamwe masero.
Kugadzirwa kwemafuta kwakakosha nekuti masero anogara achivandudza mamembrane awo, achigadzira maorganelle matsva, uye anogadzira mamorekuru ekutumira masaini akavakirwa pamafuta.
5. Kubvisa chepfu muzvinhu zvinokuvadza
Smooth ER, kunyanya mumasero echiropa, inoita basa guru mukubvisa chepfu mumuviri. Iyi organelle ine ma enzymes (akadai se cytochrome P450 family) anobatsira kushandura zvinhu zvine chepfu kuita mafomu ari nyore kuburitswa nemuviri. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kugadziriswa kwe:
– Mimwe mishonga,
– Doro,
– Makemikoro ekunze kwenyika (xenobiotics).
Kugona uku kubvisa tsvina mumuviri kunobatsira kudzivirira masero kubva mukukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza.
6. Kuchengetwa uye Kudzora Calcium Ions
Smooth ER inoshandawo senzvimbo yekuchengetera calcium (Ca²⁺), kunyanya mumasero emhasuru. Mumasero emhasuru, imwe nzira yakasarudzika ye smooth ER inonzi sarcoplasmic reticulum, iyo inoburitsa calcium ions kuti itange kusimba kwemhasuru yozoichengeta kuti tsandanyama dzizorore. Kudzora calcium kwakakoshawo pakutumira masero, kushanda kwema enzyme, uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa muviri.
7. Basa muMagayidhiretsi eMakabhohaidhiretsi
Mune mamwe marudzi emasero, ER inotsvedzerera inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemakabhohaidhiretsi, kusanganisira kupatsanurwa kweglycogen kuita glucose. Maitiro aya akakosha pakuchengetedza simba, kunyanya mumhuka nevanhu.
Ukama huripo pakati peMaumbirwo neBasa
Maumbirwo eER, network yakakura ye membranes, inopa nzvimbo yakakura yekushandiswa kwemakemikari. rough ER ine ribosomes, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni akawanda, nepo smooth ER, ine chimiro chayo chetubu uye ma enzymes akasarudzika, inotsigira kugadzirwa kwemafuta, kubviswa kweropa, uye kudzorwa kwemaion. Nemamwe mashoko, musiyano wepanyama pakati pe rough ne smooth ER hausi wekungogadzirwa chete; wakagadzirirwa chaizvo zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nesero.
Penutup
Endoplasmic reticulum inhengo inokosha mumasero eukaryotic. Kuburikidza nechimiro chayo chakakura chemembrane, ER inoita basa guru mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni, kugadziriswa uye kutakurwa kwemamorekuru, kuumbwa kwemafuta, kubviswa kweropa mumuviri, uye kuchengetwa kwecalcium. Kuvapo kweER kunoita kuti masero agone kugadzira zvinhu zvakakosha, kudzora kupararira kwawo, uye kuchengetedza kuenzana kwemukati. Kunzwisisa chimiro nebasa re endoplasmic reticulum kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuomarara uye kubatana kwekushanda mukati memasero, ukuwo tichiratidza kuti sei kukanganiswa kweER kuchigona kukanganisa hutano hwese hwechisikigo.
