Maumbirwo uye Basa reCerebrum
Uropi hwepfungwa ndiyo chikamu chikuru chehurongwa hwepfungwa hwemunhu. Huropi uhwu hunogara muchikamu chikuru chepfungwa uye ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekudzora mabasa edu ezuva nezuva, kubva pakufunga, kurangarira, kutaura, kududzira zvinokurudzira kunzwa, kusvika pakudzora kufamba kwemunhu achiziva. Pasina uropi hwepfungwa, vanhu vaisazokwanisa kuita maitiro epfungwa epamusoro akadai sekufunga, kufungidzira, kuronga, uye kuita sarudzo. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura chimiro chikuru chepfungwa, zvikamu zvayo, uye mabasa akakosha ainoita.
Tsanangudzo yeuropi
Kazhinji, cerebrum ndiyo chikamu chepamusoro uye chikuru cheuropi, chine ma hemispheres maviri: hemisphere yekuruboshwe nehemisphere yerudyi. Ma hemispheres maviri aya akaparadzaniswa nemukana unonzi longitudinal fissure, asi anoramba akabatana ne network yakakora yetsinga inonzi corpus callosum. Corpus callosum inobvumira ma hemispheres maviri kuchinjana ruzivo, zvichibvumira mashandiro emuviri uye maitiro ekufunga kuti arongekane.
Uropi hwepfungwa hune nzvimbo yakapetwa zvakanyanya. Mapetwa aya ane mitsetse inonzi gyri uye nzvimbo dzakadzika dzinonzi sulci. Mapetwa aya haasi ekungoyevedza chete, asi inzira yehupenyu yekuwedzera nzvimbo yeuropi, zvichibvumira huwandu hwakawanda hwemasero etsinga (neurons) uye kubatana kwawo pasinei nenzvimbo diki mukati medehenya.
Chimiro chikuru cheuropi
1. Cerebral cortex
Chikamu chekunze cheuropi chinonzi cerebrum, chinoumbwa ne neurons-rich grey matter. cortex ndiyo nzvimbo inonyanya kushanda pakuziva, kusanganisira kunzwisisa, mutauro, kufunga kusinganzwisisike, uye kuziva. Brain cortex yemunhu yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa, zvichibvumira kugona kwakaoma kunzwisisa kwekudzidza nekufunga.
Korektesi yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo zvichienderana nemashandiro, dzakadai senzvimbo dzekufambisa (kudzora kufamba), nzvimbo dzepfungwa (kugamuchira zvinokurudzira), uye nzvimbo dzekubatana (kugadzirisa ruzivo rwepamusoro). Kupatsanurwa uku hakuna kuoma zvachose, asi kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti uropi hunoronga sei hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana.
2. Chinhu chichena
Pasi pe cortex pane chinhu chichena, muunganidzwa wetsinga (axons) dzakaputirwa ne myelin. Chidimbu che myelin chinoita kuti tsinga dziite sechena uye dzinoshanda kukurumidzisa kutapurirana kwetsinga. Chinhu chichena chinoshanda se "nzira yekutaurirana" inobatanidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dze cortex uye inobatanidza cerebrum nedzimwe uropi nemusana.
Kazhinji, axon fibers muzvinhu zvichena dzakakamurwa kuita:
– Mashinda ekubatanidza, anobatanidza nzvimbo dziri mukati mechikamu chimwe chete chehemisphere.
– Mashinda emusanganiswa, anobatanidza hemispheres dzekuruboshwe nedzekurudyi (semuenzaniso corpus callosum).
– Ma "projection fibers", anobatanidza cortex nezvimiro zvakadzika zvakaita se thalamus, brainstem, uye spinal cord.
3. Zvimiro zvemukati memuviri (pasi pe cortex)
Pamusoro pe cortex ne white matter, cerebrum inewo maumbirwo akadzika, akadai se:
– Basal ganglia, inoita basa rekubatanidza kufamba, kugadzira tsika, uye kudzora hunyanzvi hwekufambisa nhengo.
– Sisitimu ye limbic (semuenzaniso, amygdala ne hippocampus), iyo inokosha zvikuru pamanzwiro, kukurudzira, uye kuumbwa kwendangariro yenguva refu.
Kunyangwe zvimwe zvezvimiro izvi zvichiwanzotaurwa sechikamu che "forebrain" yakakura, mabasa azvo akabatana zvakanyanya nebasa reuropi.
Kupatsanurwa kweuropi kwakavakirwa pama lobes
Hemisphere yega yega yakakamurwa kuita ma lobes makuru akawanda zvichibva pa major sulci iri pamusoro pehuropi. Kupatsanurwa uku kwakakosha nekuti lobe yega yega inowanzova nebasa rayo guru.
1. Chidimbu chepamberi
Ropa repamberi riri pamberi pemusoro uye rinowanzo batanidzwa nemabasa e "executive", kureva kugona kuronga zviito nemaune uye nemaune. Mamwe mabasa akakosha eropa repamberi anosanganisira:
- Kugadzirisa matambudziko nekuita zvisarudzo
- Kuronga uye kuisa zvinangwa
- Kudzora manzwiro nepfungwa dzinoita kuti munhu anzwe kuda kuita chimwe chinhu
- Hunhu uye maitiro evanhu
- Nzvimbo huru yekufambisa, iyo inodzora kufamba kwetsandanyama dzemapfupa nekuzvidira
– Nzvimbo yeBroca (muvanhu vazhinji vari kuruboshwe), ine basa guru mukugadzirwa kwekutaura.
Kukuvadzwa kwechikamu chepamberi chemuviri kunogona kukonzera shanduko dzehunhu, kuoma kuronga, kutadza kudzora manzwiro, uye kushaya simba rekufamba-famba kune mamwe mativi emuviri.
2. Chidimbu cheparietal
Chikamu cheparietal chiri pamusoro nepakati peuropi. Basa rayo guru rine chekuita nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinokurudzira kunzwa, zvakaita sekubata, kumanikidzwa, kurwadziwa, uye tembiricha. Chine nzvimbo huru yekunzwa inogamuchira ruzivo kubva paganda, tsandanyama, uye majoini.
Uye zvakare, parietal lobe inokoshawo kune:
- Kutarisa nzvimbo uye kuziva nzvimbo yemuviri (proprioception)
- Kubatanidzwa kwemashoko epfungwa kuti munhu azive zvinhu kuburikidza nekubata
- Unyanzvi hwekuverenga uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemutauro (kunyanya munzvimbo dzine simba guru)
Matambudziko eparietal lobe anogona kukonzera matambudziko ekuziva nhengo dzemuviri, matambudziko ekufamba munzvimbo, kana matambudziko ekuverenga nekunyora.
3. Chidimbu chemukati
Matinji epanguva ari kuruboshwe nerudyi rwemusoro, pedyo nenzeve. Anoita basa guru mu:
- Kugadziriswa kwekunzwa (nzvimbo huru yekunzwa)
- Kunzwisisa mutauro (kusanganisira nzvimbo yaWernicke iri munzvimbo huru yehemisphere)
- Ndangariro nekudzidza (zvakabatana zvikuru nehippocampus)
- Kugadzirisa manzwiro, kunyanya ayo ane chekuita nezviitiko nendangariro
Kukuvadzwa kwechikamu chemuviri chemuviri kunogona kukonzera kutadza kurangarira, kuoma kunzwisisa mutauro, kana kuchinja kwemanzwiro.
4. Chidimbu cheOccipital
Occipital lobe iri kumashure kwemusoro. Ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekugadzirisa kuona. Ruzivo runobva ku retina runotumirwa ku visual cortex iri mu occipital lobe kuti rushandurwe kuita mifananidzo ine revo.
Mabasa e occipital lobe anosanganisira:
- Inoona chimiro, ruvara, kufamba, uye kudzika kwechinhu
- Kubatanidza ruzivo rwekuona nezvakaitika kare kuitira kuti tigone kuziva zvinhu nezviso
Matambudziko mu occipital lobe anogona kukonzera matambudziko ekuona, akadai sekurasikirwa zvishoma kwenzvimbo yekuona kana kuoma kuziva zvinhu.
Kutonga kwehemisphere kuruboshwe nerudyi
Kunyangwe zvikamu zvose zveuropi zvichishanda pamwe chete, pane pfungwa yekushanda kwechikamu chimwe chete, iyo iri tsika yekuti mamwe mabasa ave nesimba mune imwe chikamu. Muvanhu vazhinji:
- Hofisi yekuruboshwe ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakutaura, kufunga, uye kuongorora.
- Hofisi yekurudyi inonyanya kuzivikanwa pakuona nzvimbo, kugona kuona, uye kuziva mapatani.
Zvisinei, kutonga uku hakusi kwakakwana. Mano mazhinji, akadai sekucherechedza, manzwiro, uye kugona, anosanganisira kushanda pamwe chete kwema hemispheres ese ari maviri.
Mabasa makuru europi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Muchidimbu, ubongo hune mabasa makuru akati wandei anoshanda mumabasa evanhu:
1. Kuziva uye kuziva
Pfungwa dzinotibvumira kuziva isu pachedu nenzvimbo yatinogara, kufunga zvakadzama, uye kugadzira pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike.
2. Kudzora kufamba uchiziva
Patinofamba, patinonyora, patinotaipa, kana kusimudza maoko edu, motor cortex iri muchikamu chepamberi chemuviri inotumira mirairo yekufamba kutsandanyama kuburikidza nenzira dzetsinga.
3. Kugadzirisa manzwiro
Uropi hunodudzira zviratidzo zvinobva kupfungwa shanu nemuviri kuitira kuti tigone kunzwa kubata, kuona, kunzwa, uye kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi.
4. Mutauro nekutaurirana
Kutaura, kuverenga, kunyora, uye kunzwisisa hurukuro zvinokonzerwa nebasa rakaoma renzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dziri mu cortex, kunyanya munzvimbo huru ye hemisphere.
5. Ndangariro nekudzidza
Kuumbwa kwendangariro dzenguva refu kunosanganisira kudyidzana kwecortex nehippocampus uye limbic system.
6. Manzwiro uye maitiro evanhu
Mhinduro dzemanzwiro hadzingobvi mu "manzwiro" chete, asiwo dzinobva mukududzira kweuropi mamiriro ezvinhu, tsika dzevanhu, uye zvakaitika kare.
Penutup
Cerebrum ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekudzora inoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kufunga, kunzwa, kufamba, uye kutaurirana nenzira dzakaoma. Maumbirwo ecerebrum, anosanganisira cerebral cortex, white matter, uye akasiyana-siyana marongerwo e subcortical, anogonesa kuumbwa kwenetwork yakakura yekutaurirana kwetsinga. Kupatsanurwa kwecerebrum kuita frontal, parietal, temporal, uye occipital lobes kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti mabasa akakosha akadai semutauro, kuona, kunzwa, kurangarira, uye kuita sarudzo anoitwa sei. Nekunzwisisa maumbirwo uye mashandiro ecerebrum, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kukosha kwekuchengetedza hutano hwehuropi kuburikidza nemararamiro ane hutano, kurara kwakakwana, kudya kwakaringana, uye kukurudzira pfungwa zvakanaka.
