Basa reMitochondria mukugadzirwa kwesimba remasero
Mitochondria inowanzonzi "simba" remasero, uye basa rayo mukugadzira simba harigone kupfuudzwa zvakanyanya. Maumbirwo aya ndiwo akakosha mumasero eukaryotic, zvichiita kuti zvipenyu zvive nesimba rakakwana remabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama kuti mitochondria inobatsira sei mukugadzirwa kwesimba remasero, mashandiro anobatanidzwa, uye kukosha kwayo kuhutano hwemasero nehwemuviri wese.
Nhanganyaya: Chii chinonzi Mitochondria?
Mitochondria inhengo dzine madziro maviri dzinowanikwa mumasero ese eukaryotic. Inonziwo "simba" resero, mitochondria ndiyo nzvimbo huru dzekugadzirwa kweadenosine triphosphate (ATP), iro molecule yesimba guru rinoshandiswa nemasero pakuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa muviri. Zvivako izvi zvine membrane mbiri: membrane yekunze yakatsetseka uye membrane yemukati ine mitsetse, zvichigadzira zvivakwa zvinonzi cristae. Cristae inoita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera nzvimbo yepamusoro yemembrane yemukati, iyo yakakosha pakugadzirwa kweATP.
Kugadzirwa kweATP muMitochondria
Kugadzirwa kweATP mu mitochondria kunoitika kuburikidza nemaitiro anozivikanwa se oxidative phosphorylation, danho rekupedzisira rekufema kwemasero. Kufema kwemasero inzira yekuchinja simba kubva muchikafu kuita ATP. Kufema kwemasero kune matanho matatu makuru: glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), uye oxidative phosphorylation.
1. Glycolysis ndiyo danho rekutanga rekufema kwemasero uye rinoitika mu cytoplasm. Mudanho iri, glucose inopatsanurwa kuita mamorekuru maviri e pyruvate, zvichigadzira huwandu hushoma hweATP neNADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
2. Citric Acid Cycle inoitika mu mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate inogadzirwa ne glycolysis inoshandurwa kuita acetyl-CoA, iyo inobva yapinda mu citric acid cycle. Mu cycle iyi, acetyl-CoA inoputswa kuita carbon dioxide, uye simba rinobuda rinoendeswa kuma electron carrier molecules NADH neFADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
3. Oxidative phosphorylation inoitika mu inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH neFADH2, zvinogadzirwa ne citric acid cycle, zvinoburitsa maerekitironi kuburikidza ne electron transport chain. Kutamiswa kwemaerekitironi uku kunoita kuti proton gradient ipfuure ne inner mitochondrial membrane, iyo inosimudzira kugadzirwa kweATP kuburikidza ne enzyme ATP synthase.
Cheni yekufambisa maerekitironi ine mapuroteni akawanda akaiswa mumukati memitochondrial membrane. Maerekitironi anobva kuNADH neFADH2 anotamiswa kuburikidza nema complexes aya, uye simba rinoburitswa rinoshandiswa kupomba mapurotoni kubva mumitochondrial matrix kuenda munzvimbo yepakati pemembrane, zvichigadzira proton gradient. ATP synthase, imwe protein complex, inobvumira mapurotoni kudzokera ku mitochondrial matrix, uye simba kubva kuproton gradient iyi rinoshandiswa kusanganisa ADP ne inorganic phosphate kuti igadzire ATP. Mukuita uku, okisijeni inoshanda seyekupedzisira electron acceptor uye inosangana nemapurotoni kuti igadzire mvura.
Basa reMitochondria muCellular Metabolism
Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweATP, mitochondria inobatanidzwawo mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandiswa kwemasero, zvakaita sekugadzirwa kwemetabolites dzepakati dzinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwemaamino acids, lipids, uye nucleotides. Mitochondria inoshandawo mu calcium ion homeostasis, iyo inokosha pamabasa akasiyana-siyana emasero, kusanganisira kusimba kwemhasuru uye kutonga kushandiswa kwesimba.
Kuenzana kwakakwana kwebasa remitochondrial kunoita kuti pave nekuenzana kunotsigira hupenyu hwemasero. Mazhinji mametabolites anogadzirwa muKrebs cycle anobatanidzwa mune dzimwe nzira dze biosynthetic. Semuenzaniso, citrate inobuda mumitochondria inogona kushandiswa mu cytoplasm yekugadzira fatty acid.
Mitochondria uye Apoptosis
Kuwedzera pabasa rayo mukugadzira simba uye metabolism, mitochondria inzvimbo dzakakoshawo dzekutonga apoptosis, kana kufa kwemasero kwakarongwa. Apoptosis inzira yakakosha inoshandiswa nezvipenyu kubvisa masero akakuvara kana asina basa uye inoita basa rakakosha mukukura uye kudzora mhando yenyama.
Mitochondria inogona kuburitsa zvinhu zvinosimudzira apoptotic zvakaita se cytochrome c mu cytoplasm nekuda kwekushushikana kana kukuvara kwemasero. Zvinhu izvi zvinobva zvatanga maitiro akasiyana-siyana anotungamira mukushanda kwema enzymes eprotease anonzi caspases, zvichizopedzisira zvaita kuti zvikamu zvemasero zviparare uye kufa kwemasero.
Kukanganiswa Kwezvirwere zveMitochondrial Pahutano
Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemasero emuviri (mitochondrial disease) kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira kuora kwemuviri, metabolic disease, uye chirwere chemwoyo. Semuenzaniso, chirwere cheParkinson neAlzheimer's chinobatanidzwa nekukuvadzwa kwemitochondrial kunotungamira mukuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemafree radicals, izvo zvinokuvadza zvikamu zvakakosha zvemasero. Saizvozvowo, chirwere cheshuga cherudzi rwechipiri nechirwere chemwoyo zvinowanzo sanganisira kukanganiswa kwekugadzirwa kwesimba remitochondrial uye kukanganisa metabolic homeostasis.
Kuchinja-chinja kweDNA yemitochondrial kunogonawo kukanganisa mashandiro emitochondrial. Mitochondrial DNA, inogarwa nhaka kubva kuna amai, inochengetedza zvikamu zvakakosha zve electron transport chain. Kuchinja-chinja kwemajini aya kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvemitochondrial zvakaita seMELAS syndrome (myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, uye stroke-like episodes) uye Leigh syndrome.
Mhedziso
Basa remitochondria mukugadzirwa kwesimba remasero rinokosha. Senzvimbo huru yekugadzirwa kweATP kuburikidza nekufema kwemasero, mitochondria inotsigira zvinenge zvese zvekushanda kwemasero uye hupenyu hwechisikwa. Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwesimba, mitochondria inewo basa mukugadzirwa kwemasero, kudzorwa kwemaion, uye apoptosis. Kusarongeka kwebasa remitochondria kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakomba. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa mashandiro emitochondria uye kuchengetedza mitochondria ine hutano kwakakosha kune hutano hwese hwechisikwa.
Nekunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro anoita mitochondria, tinogona kugadzira nzira dziri nani dzekurapa nekudzivirira zvirwere zvakakonzerwa nekusashanda zvakanaka kwemitochondria. Nekuenderera mberi nekutsvaga, tariro yedu ndeyekushandisa mukana wese we "simba" remasero aya kuvandudza hutano uye hupenyu hwemhando yepamusoro.
