Basa reMacrophages muSistimu yeKudzivirira Kurwara
Pendauluan
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri muunganidzwa wezvinhu zvipenyu zvinoshanda kudzivirira muviri kubva kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana nehutachiona, kungave kunokonzerwa nemavhairasi, mabhakitiriya, fungi, kana tupukanana. Pakati pemasero akasiyana-siyana anobatanidzwa musisitimu yekudzivirira muviri, macrophages ndeimwe yezvikamu zvakakosha. Macrophages masero makuru e-phagocytic ane simba rekumedza nekuparadza hutachiona, pamwe nekuita basa mukuzvimba uye kugadzirisa tishu. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura zvakadzama basa remacrophages musisitimu yekudzivirira muviri, kusanganisira phagocytosis, kuratidzwa kweantigen, uye kuburitswa kwecytokine.
Chii chinonzi Macrophage?
Macrophages rudzi rwemasero machena eropa anoshanda semaphagocytes. Anobva kumamonocytes, rudzi rwemasero ekutanga muropa anotama achienda kunhengo dzemuviri uye anosiyana kuita macrophages. Macrophages anowanikwa munhengo dzese dzemuviri, nenhamba dzichisiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu nenzvimbo yemunharaunda.
Zita rekuti "macrophage" rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki: "macro" zvichireva hombe uye "phage" zvichireva munhu anodya. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, macrophage anoshanda nekudya "zvimedu zvekunze, masero akafa, nemamwe marara emasero, achibvisa zvinhu zvinogona kukuvadza munyama yemuviri.
Mabasa Makuru eMacrophages
1. Phagocytosis:
Basa guru remacrophage iphagocytosis, maitiro ekuputira nekugaya zvidimbu zvekunze, tupukanana, kana tsvina yemasero. Mushure mekumedza zvidimbu zvekunze, macrophage anoaparadzanisa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvinogona kugayiwa nekuparadzwa nemuviri. Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, macrophage anoita basa rekubvisa tupukanana uye kuchengetedza nharaunda yakachena yemasero.
2. Kuratidzwa kweAntigen:
Pamusoro pekushanda semaphagocytes, macrophage anoshandawo semasero anounza maantigen (APCs). Mushure mekumedza utachiona, macrophages anogadzira uye anoratidza zvidimbu zveantigen pamusoro pemasero avo achishandisa mamorekuru makuru ehistocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). Maantigen aya anoratidzwa anobva azivikanwa nemasero eT-helper, izvo zvinotanga mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika, kusanganisira kushanda kwemasero eT nemasero eB.
3. Kubuda kweCytokine:
Macrophages inogadzirawo nekuburitsa mhando dzakasiyana dzema cytokines, zvichiratidza mamorekuru anoita basa guru mukutaurirana pakati pemasero ekudzivirira muviri. Ma cytokines anogadzirwa nema macrophages anosanganisira interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), uye interferons (IFNs). Ma cytokines aya anobatsira kudzora kuzvimba uye kuronga mhinduro yemuviri kuhutachiona kana kukuvara.
Maitiro ePhagocytosis muMacrophages
Phagocytosis inzira yakaoma uye yakarongeka ine matanho akati wandei:
1. Chemotaxis:
Macrophages inofamba ichienda kunzvimbo dzine hutachiona kana kuzvimba ichipindura zviratidzo zve chemotactic, izvo zvinogona kuva zvinhu zvinokonzeresa kuzvimba kana zvigadzirwa zvehutachiona.
2. Kubatanidza uye Sumo:
Macrophage inoshandisa mareceptor chaiwo kuti aone uye abate utachiona kana masero akakuvara. Mareceptor aya anosanganisira MaPattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), ayo anoziva Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) pamusoro pehutachiona.
3. Kubatanidzwa:
Mushure mekuziva nekubatanidza utachiona, macrophage inoburitsa pseudopodia kuti itenderedze chidimbu ichi yogadzira phagocytic vesicle inonzi phagosome.
4. Kukura uye Kusanganiswa:
Phagosome inobva yabatana ne lysosome, ine ma enzymes e hydrolytic uye zvinhu zvinorwisa utachiona, zvichigadzira phagolysosome. Mukati me phagolysosome, utachiona hunoparadzwa nemamiriro ekunze ane acidic uye enzyme.
5. Kugaya uye Kuburitsa:
Zvikamu zvehutachiona zvakakuvara zvinozogayiwa uye zvobviswa musero, kungave kuburikidza ne exocytosis kana nekuratidzwa semaantigen pamusoro pemacrophages.
Kuratidzwa kweAntigen uye Kushanda kweT Cell
Macrophages haingobvisi utachiona kuburikidza nephagocytosis chete asiwo inoita basa rakakosha mukukonzera mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika. Mushure me phagocytosis uye kugadziriswa kwezvirwere, macrophages anounza zvidimbu zveantigen pamusoro pawo achishandisa mamorekuru eMHC II. Aya mamorekuru eMHC II anozivikanwa neT-helper cell receptors (CD4+), izvo zvinokonzeresa kushanda kweT-helper cell uye kuwanda kwayo.
Masero eT-helper anoshandiswa anobatsira kubatanidza mhinduro chaiyo uye yakasimba yekudzivirira muviri nekushandisa masero eB kugadzira masoja ekudzivirira muviri uye masero eT ane chepfu (CD8+) kurwisa masero ane hutachiona. Saka, macrophages anoita basa guru mukubatanidza masisitimu emuviri emuviri uye anochinjika.
Kuburitswa kweCytokine uye Kupindirana kweKuzvimba
Macrophages inoitawo basa rekudzora nekubatsira kuzvimba kuburikidza nekugadzira ma cytokine akasiyana-siyana. Ma cytokine aya anosanganisira:
– Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Inobatsira mukuwedzera kuzvimba nekukurudzira kuunganidzwa kwemamwe masero ekudzivirira muviri kunzvimbo yehutachiona.
– Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): Inokurudzira kuzvimba uye inogona kukonzera kufa kwemasero ane utachiona kana kenza.
– Interleukin-6 (IL-6): Ine mhedzisiro yepleiotropic, kusanganisira kukurudzira mhinduro dzekugadzira ma antibodies uye kusiyana kwemasero eB.
– Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Inoshanda mukuwedzera basa remacrophages rekurwisa utachiona uye kusimbisa kuratidzwa kweantigen.
Kuburikidza nekugadzirwa uye kuburitswa kwema cytokines aya, macrophage anogona kudzora nzvimbo inokonzeresa kuzvimba uye kuona kuti mhinduro yakakodzera yekudzivirira muviri inochengetwa munguva yese yehutachiona kana kuzvimba.
Macrophages muZvirwere uye Immunotherapy
Kubatanidzwa kwema macrophages muzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita se autoimmune immunity, cancer, uye zvirwere zvisingaperi zvinoratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa mashandiro azvo pakugadzira mishonga mitsva. Semuenzaniso, muzvirwere zve autoimmune, ma macrophages dzimwe nguva anogona kuita basa rekuparadza nyama dzemuviri. Nokudaro, kunanga ma macrophages nemishonga chaiyo kunogona kubatsira kuderedza kuzvimba uye kuderedza zviratidzo zvezvirwere zve autoimmune.
Panyaya yegomarara, macrophage anozivikanwa semacrophages akabatana negomarara (TAMs) anowanzo kuwanikwa munyama yegomarara uye anogona kutsigira kukura kwegomarara nekubudisa zvinhu zvinokonzera gomarara. Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa inotarisa pakuchinja mashandiro emaTAM kubva pakutsigira kukura kwegomarara kuenda pakubatsira masoja emuviri kurwisa gomarara.
Mhedziso
Macrophages masero akakosha muimmune system, ane mabasa akasiyana-siyana kubva pa phagocytosis uye kuratidzwa kweantigen kusvika pakuburitswa kwe cytokine. Nekukwanisa kwavo kunyudza nekuparadza utachiona uye kuronga mhinduro dzemuviri dzinoenderana, macrophages anoita basa rekuchengetedza hutano hwemuviri uye kuramba kutyisidzira kwakasiyana-siyana kwehutachiona. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana mashandiro emacrophage uye mashandiro acho hakungokoshi chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ebhayoloji asi kunewo zvakunoreva pakukura kwemishonga yezvirwere zvinotapukira, zvirwere zve autoimmune, uye kenza.
