Kukosha kweHemoglobin mukutakura okisijeni
Hemoglobin ndeimwe yemapuroteni akakosha mumuviri wemunhu, inoshanda semutakuri mukuru weokisijeni kubva kumapapu kuenda kunhengo dzese dzemuviri. Molekyu iyi inowanikwa mumasero matsvuku eropa (erythrocytes) uye ine chimiro chakaoma chinoibvumira kusunga nekuburitsa okisijeni zvinobudirira. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora kukosha kwehemoglobin, mashandiro anoita puroteni iyi mukufambisa okisijeni, uye zvinoitika kana sisitimu iyi ikasashanda zvakanaka.
Chii chinonzi Hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin ipuroteni yetetrameric inoumbwa nemayuniti mana epolypeptide: mayuniti maviri ealpha uye mayuniti maviri ebeta. Yuniti imwe neimwe ine molekyuru yeheme ine atomu yesimbi pakati payo. Atomu iyi yesimbi inokosha pakubatana zvakananga neokisijeni. Hemoglobin ine oxygen yakawanda inonzi oxyhemoglobin, nepo hemoglobin isina kusungwa ichinzi deoxyhemoglobin.
Basa reHemoglobin mukutakura okisijeni
Panguva yekufema, okisijeni inofemerwa inopinda mualveoli iri mumapapu. Kubva ipapo, okisijeni inopararira kuburikidza nemacapillaries emapapu ichienda kumasero matsvuku eropa. Pano, hemoglobin inoita basa rayo nekusunga okisijeni iripo. Hemoglobin ine nzvimbo ina dzinosunga okisijeni, uye molekyuru yega yega inosunga okisijeni inowedzera kubatana kwehemoglobin kune molekyuru inotevera yeokisijeni. Maitiro aya anozivikanwa se 'cooperativity' uye chinhu chinoshanda zvakanyanya chemorekyuru iyi.
Kana okisijeni yasungwa, ropa rinopombwa nemoyo kuburikidza neropa, richitenderera mumuviri wese. Kana ropa rine okisijeni rasvika munyama dzinodiwa, hemoglobin inoburitsa okisijeni, nokudaro ichipa okisijeni inodiwa pakugadzirwa kwemasero kwakadai sekugadzirwa kweATP kuburikidza ne oxidative phosphorylation. Saka, hemoglobin inoita basa rakakosha mukupa muviri okisijeni yaunoda kuti urambe uchiita mabasa ako emuviri.
Sisitimu Yekudzora Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin haingoshandi chete pakubatanidza okisijeni asi inobatsirawo mukutonga kupinza nekuburitsa okisijeni mumuviri. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa kugona kwehemoglobin kusunga okisijeni zvinosanganisira:
1. Kumanikidzwa Kweokisijeni Zvishoma (pO2): Hemoglobin ine simba guru reokisijeni pakumanikidzwa kweokisijeni kwakanyanya, semumapapu. Kusiyana neizvi, pakumanikidzwa kweokisijeni kushoma, semunyama yemuviri, simba rayo rinoderera, zvichiita kuti okisijeni iburitswe.
2. pH (Bohr Effect): Masero paanoshandisa okisijeni ogadzira CO2, anowedzera huwandu hwehydrogen ions (H+), zvichiita kuti nharaunda ive neacid yakawanda. Hemoglobin inopindura nekuburitsa okisijeni yakawanda, inozivikanwa seBohr effect.
3. Kuwanda kweCO2 muropa: Kuwedzera kweCO2 muropa kunoderedzawo kubatana kwehemoglobin neokisijeni, zvichiita kuti okisijeni ibudiswe mumasero anoida.
4. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): Molekyu iyi inosunga hemoglobin uye inoderedza kufarira kwayo okisijeni, zvichibatsira mukuburitswa kweokisijeni mumatishu emuviri.
Pathology uye Mamiriro Asina Kunaka Ane chekuita neHemoglobin
Kana hemoglobin isingashande zvakanaka, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kuitika. Chimwe chezvirwere zvakajairika ianemia, chirwere chinoratidzwa nekushaikwa kwehemoglobin kana masero matsvuku mashoma mumuviri. Izvi zvinoguma nekudzikira kwesimba rekutakura okisijeni, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuneta, kushaya simba, nezvimwe zviratidzo. Anemia inogona kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sekushomeka kwesimbi, kurasikirwa neropa, kana matambudziko ekugadzirwa kwemasero matsvuku eropa.
Kunze kwekushaya ropa, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu emajini anokanganisa chimiro uye mashandiro ehemoglobin. Mienzaniso inosanganisira:
1. Sickle Cell Anemia: Kuchinja kwemajini kunochinja chimiro chehemoglobin, zvichiita kuti masero matsvuku eropa ave akaita sesickle uye asanyanya kuchinjika, izvo zvinogona kudzivirira kufamba kweropa uye kukonzera marwadzo nekukuvara kwenhengo.
2. Thalassemia: Chirwere chemajini chinoderedza kugadzirwa kwemhando imwe chete ye globin chain mu hemoglobin, zvichikonzera kusawirirana mumaumbirwo emamorekuru uye kuparara kwemasero matsvuku eropa nekukurumidza.
3. Methemoglobinemia: Mamiriro ezvinhu apo hemoglobin yakawandisa inoshanduka kuita chimiro chisingakwanise kusunga okisijeni, chinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemajini kana kusangana nemamwe makemikari.
Basa reHemoglobin muKuongororwa kweVarapi neKurapwa
Kuyera huwandu hwehemoglobin chikamu chakakosha chekuongororwa kwechiremba uye kuongororwa nguva dzose. Huwandu hwehemoglobin hwakajairika hunosiyana zvichienderana nezera remunhu uye murume kana mukadzi, asi kazhinji hunotangira pa13.8–17.2 gramu pa deciliter (g/dL) yevarume uye 12.1–15.1 g/dL yevakadzi. Kudzikira kana kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehemoglobin kunogona kuratidza zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoda kurapwa.
Hemoglobin inonyanya kudiwa pakurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, varwere vane anemia yekushomeka kwesimbi vanowanzopihwa mishonga yekuwedzera iron kuti vawedzere kugadzirwa kwehemoglobin. Kune zvirwere zvemajini zvakaita se sickle cell anemia ne thalassemia, mishonga yepamusoro-soro yakadai se gene therapy uye bone marrow transplantation yatanga kuratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka.
Mhedziso
Hemoglobin chinhu chakakosha mukufambisa okisijeni mumuviri wemunhu, ichitamba basa guru mukuona kuti nhengo dzese dzemuviri dzinowana okisijeni yadzinoda kuti dzishande zvakanaka. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita hemoglobin uye kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopesvedzera sei mashandiro ayo kunotipa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuti miviri yedu inochengetedza sei homeostasis. Uyezve, ruzivo urwu runotipawo puratifomu yekuziva, kuongorora, uye kurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa kutakurwa kweokisijeni, zvichibatsira kuvandudza hupenyu hwevanhu vane chirwere ichi.
Kuburikidza nekutsvaga kunoramba kuchiitwa munyaya iyi, tinotarisira kuti tinogona kugadzira maturusi ekuongorora nekurapa anoshanda zvakanyanya ekugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ane chekuita ne hemoglobin, tichiona kuti munhu wese anogona kunakidzwa nehutano hwakanaka.
