Mashandiro anoita Itsvo muKusefa
Itsvo inhengo dzinokosha mumuviri wemunhu dzinoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana akakosha, anosanganisira kusefa ropa, kudzora huwandu hwemvura mumuviri, kudzora BP, uye kubvisa tsvina nehupfu mumuviri. Maitiro aya ekusefa anozivikanwa sekusefa uye anoitika mumaumbirwo e microscopic anonzi nephrons. Muchinyorwa chino, tichatsanangura mashandiro anoita itsvo mukuita uku kusefa, uku tichinzwisisa kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaumbirwo uye mashandiro azvo.
Chimiro cheitsvo neNephron
Usati wanzwisisa zvakadzama nezvekusefa kweitsvo, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise hunhu hweitsvo. Vanhu vane itsvo mbiri dziri kumativi ese emusana, pasi pembabvu. Itsvo imwe neimwe ine ma nephrons anopfuura miriyoni imwe, ayo anokonzera kusefa kweitsvo.
Nephron ine zvikamu zvikuru zviviri: glomerulus netubule. Glomerulus muunganidzwa wema capillaries eropa akakomberedzwa nekapisiyumu kaBowman, nepo tubule ine zvikamu zvakasiyana: proximal convoluted tubule, loop yeHenle, distal convoluted tubule, uye collecting duct.
Maitiro Ekusefa muGlomerulus
Kusefa kweitsvo kunotanga mu glomerulus. Ropa rinopinda mu glomerulus kuburikidza ne afferent arteriole rinotakurwa kuenda kune network ye capillaries dzinoshanda se filters. Madziro e glomerular capillaries ane tumaburi tudiki, zvichibvumira mamorekuru madiki akadai semvura, electrolytes, glucose, uye urea kuti apfuure nepakati. Zvisinei, mamorekuru makuru akadai semapuroteni nemasero matsvuku eropa haagone kupfuura nepakati pemaburi aya uye anoramba ari muropa.
Kukwira kweropa mu afferent arteriole kunomanikidza plasma fluid kubva mu capillaries kuenda mu Bowman's capsule. Mvura inopinda mu Bowman's capsule inonzi glomerular filtrate kana kuti renal filtrate.
Kuumbwa kweGlomerular Filtrate uye Vhoriyamu
Glomerular filtrate ine musanganiswa wakafanana neplasma yeropa, asi isina masero eropa nemapuroteni. Zuva rega rega, itsvo dzinogadzira marita angangoita 150 kusvika 180 e glomerular filtrate. Zvisinei, huwandu hwakawanda hwehuwandu uhwu hunotorwazve nemuviri kuburikidza nekutorwazve kwechubhu, zvichisiya marita angangoita 1 kusvika 2 chete achizobuda seweti.
Kudzoserwazve kweropa muProximal Convoluted Tubule
Kana glomerular filtrate yaumbwa, inopinda mu proximal convoluted tubule. Pano, inenge 65% yemvura nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemamorekuru akakosha akadai seglucose, amino acids, uye maion akadai sesodium nechloride zvinotorwazve nemuviri.
Maitiro aya ekunyudzwazve kwemvura anoitika zvakanyanya kuburikidza nenzira dzekufambisa dzinoshanda uye dzisingashandiswi. Muenzaniso wekufambisa dzinoshanda ndeyekunyudzwazve kwemvura kuburikidza nepombi ye sodium-potassium, nepo mvura ichinyudzwazve kuburikidza ne osmosis mushure mekunyudzwazve kwemvura.
Kutorwazve uye Kubuda Mukati meHenle
Filtrate inobva yaenda kudenderedzwa reHenle, iro rinoita basa guru muhuwandu hweweti. Denderedzwa reHenle rine zvikamu zviviri: denderedzwa rinodzika nedenderedzwa rinokwira.
Muchikamu chinodzika cheHenle, mvura inotorwazve muropa, asi maion e sodium ne chloride haakwanise kupfuura nepamadziro etubule. Kusiyana neizvi, muchikamu chinokwira, sodium ne chloride zvinotorwazve muropa, asi mvura haigone kupfuura nepamadziro etubule. Maitiro aya anogadzira osmotic gradient iyo inobatsira kuwedzera kutorwazve kwemvura muchikamu chekupedzisira che nephron system.
Tubhu Yakakombama Yakati Rekumashure uye Nzira Yokuunganidza
Mushure mekutenderera kweHenle, filtrate inopinda mu distal convoluted tubule, uko kunowedzera kutorwazve kwe sodium nemvura kunoitika zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemuviri, zvichidzorwa nemahormone akadai se aldosterone. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe ma ions akadai se calcium ne phosphate anotorwawo kana kuburitswa muchikamu ichi zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemuviri.
Filtrate inozosvika kumachubhu anounganidza weti, uko kunogadziriswa kwekupedzisira kwehuwandu hweweti uye huwandu hwayo. Maitiro aya anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nehomoni inorwisa diuretic (ADH), iyo inowedzera kupenya kwechubhu dzinounganidza weti kusvika mumvura, zvichiita kuti mvura yakawanda inyure muropa uye weti iwedzere kuungana.
Kugadzirwa kweweti uye kubviswa kwayo
Kana nzira dzekunyudzwazve uye kuburitswa kwetsvina mumatubhuru dzapera, weti inoramba iri mumigero inounganidza. Weti iyi inobva yaenda kunhengo yeitsvo, yozoenda kumaureter, uye pakupedzisira inochengetwa mudundira kwenguva pfupi isati yaburitswa mumuviri kuburikidza neurethra.
Basa reKumanikidzwa kweRopa neMahormone muKutsvedza kweItsvo
Maitiro ekusefa kweitsvo anonyanya kukanganiswa neBP nemahormone akasiyana-siyana. Kukwira kweropa mu glomerular capillaries ndicho chinhu chikuru chinoratidza kushanda zvakanaka kwekusefa. Kumanikidzwa kweropa kwakaderera kana kwakakwira kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro e glomerular uye kukanganisa kusefa.
Mahormone akadai seangiotensin II, aldosterone, uye ADH anoita basa rakakosha mukudzora huwandu hwemvura uye maion reabsorption, pamwe nekuchengetedza electrolyte uye fluid balance mumuviri.
Zvinetso zveKutsvedza kweKidney
Kukanganisika kwekusefa kweitsvo kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zveitsvo. Zvimwe zvacho zvinosanganisira:
1. Kukundikana kweItsvo: Ichi chirwere apo itsvo dzinongoerekana dzarasikirwa nekugona kwadzo kusefa tsvina kubva muropa.
2. Chirwere Chisingaperi Cheitsvo: Chirwere chekuti mashandiro eitsvo anodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma uye haakwanise kudzokera pakushanda kwakajairika.
3. Matombo eItsvo: Kuumbwa kwemakristaro madiki muitsvo nekuda kwekuwanda kwezvimwe zvinhu muweti.
4. Glomerulonephritis: Kuzvimba kweglomerulus kunogona kukanganisa maitiro ekusefa.
Mhedziso
Itsvo inhengo dzakaomarara dzine basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza homeostasis yemuviri kuburikidza nekusefa ropa. Kubva kuglomerulus, iyo inogadzira glomerular filtrate, kuburikidza nekunyudzwazve uye kuburitswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenephron, kusvika pakuumbwa kwekupedzisira kweweti, nhanho imwe neimwe mukuita uku yakabatana zvakanyanya uye yakasiyana-siyana. Kusajairika kana kukanganiswa mune chero nhanho idzi kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakomba kuhutano hwemuviri. Naizvozvo, kuchengetedza hutano hweitsvo kwakakosha, izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa nekuchengetedza kudya kwakanaka, kunwa mvura yakakwana, uye kuongororwa hutano nguva dzose.
