Hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa nehuwandu hwegesi
Pengantar
Mufizikisi nekemesitiri, kune pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshanda sembiru dzekunzwisisa zviitiko zvechisikigo. Imwe pfungwa yakadaro hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa kwegasi nehuwandu. Hukama uhwu hwakabatana zvakanyanya nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yegasi, imwe yacho iri Mutemo waBoyle. Kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa kwegasi nehuwandu kwakakosha mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana, senge sisitimu yekufema yemunhu, tekinoroji yekuchengetedza gasi, uye mainjini ekupisa mukati. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura pfungwa dzakabatana nadzo, zvadzinoreva uye mashandisirwo adzo.
Hukama Hwekutanga: Mutemo waBoyle
Mutemo waBoyle ndeimwe yemitemo yegesi yakajairika, yakawanikwa naRobert Boyle muzana remakore rechi17. Mutemo uyu unoti pahuwandu hwakatarwa hwegasi patembiricha yakaenzana, kumanikidzwa kwegasi kunoenderana nehuwandu hwaro. Pamasvomhu, Mutemo waBoyle unogona kuratidzwa ne equation:
\[ P \nguva V = k \]
Di mana:
– \(P\) = Kumanikidzwa kwegasi
– \(V\) = Huwandu hwegasi
– \(k\) = Nguva dzose (yegasi rakapihwa patembiricha yakatarwa)
Kubva muequation iyi, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kana huwandu hwegasi hukadzikira, kumanikidzwa kwegasi kuchawedzera uye zvinopesana.
Kuedza uye Kuona Zvinhu Zvichiitika
Imwe nzira yekunzwisisa mutemo uyu zvakadzama ndeyekuedza kuri nyore. Ngatitii tine chubhu ine piston inofambiswa. Mukati mechubhu iyi mune huwandu hwakati hwegasi. Kana tikaderedza huwandu hwegasi nekusundira piston pasi, kumanikidzwa kwegasi kuchawedzera. Kusiyana neizvi, kana tikadhonza piston kumusoro, tichiwedzera huwandu hwegasi, kumanikidzwa kwegasi kuchaderera.
Kuratidzwa kwemifananidzo yehukama uhwu kunowanzo sanganisira girafu inotsanangura kumanikidzwa (P) ichipesana nevhoriyamu (V). Zvichienderana nehukama hwehuku nezai pakati pekumanikidzwa nevhoriyamu, girafu iyi icharatidza hyperbolic curve.
Kushandiswa kweMutemo waBoyle
1. Sisitimu yekufema
Mumuviri wemunhu, mutemo waBoyle unowanikwa mukushanda kwekufema. Patinofema, tsandanyama dzemudumbu nedzemukati medumbu zvinogumira, zvichiwedzera vhoriyamu yechipfuva chechipfuva. Kuwedzera uku kwevhoriyamu kunoderedza kumanikidzwa kwemhepo mukati memapapu, zvichiita kuti mhepo ipinde mumapapu ichibva kunze. Patinofema, vhoriyamu yechipfuva chechipfuva inoderera, zvichiwedzera kumanikidzwa uye zvichimanikidza mweya kubuda mumapapu.
2. Tekinoroji Yekuchengetedza Gasi
Matangi egasi ane simba guru, akadai seaya anoshandiswa mukunyura mu scuba diving uye kuchengetera gasi rekurapa, anoshandisawo mutemo waBoyle. Magasi aya anochengetwa mutangi ane simba guru kuderedza simba rawo kuitira kuti gasi rakawanda rigone kuchengetwa. Kana gasi raburitswa, simba rinoderera uye simba regasi rinowedzera sezvinodiwa.
3. Injini Yekupisa Yemukati
Nheyo huru yeinjini yekupisa mukati, senge inowanikwa mumotokari, ine chekuitawo nemutemo waBoyle. Kana piston iri pasi pakati pemoto, musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta unopinda mu cylinder. Musanganiswa uyu unodzvanywa nepiston ichienda kumusoro, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa. Musanganiswa wegasi uyu unozopiswa, zvichigadzira kumanikidzwa kunomanikidza piston kudzokera pasi, zvichigadzira kufamba kwemuchina kunodiwa kuti mota ifambiswe.
Kutsauka kubva kuMutemo waBoyle
Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo waBoyle uchishanda zvakanaka kumagasi akakodzera, muchokwadi, haasi magasi ese anoita zvakanaka. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, akadai sekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kana tembiricha yakaderera, magasi chaiwo anoratidza kutsauka kubva kuMutemo waBoyle. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemasimba ekukwezvana pakati pemamorekuru uye huwandu husingakoshi hwemamorekuru pasi pemamiriro aya.
Masayendisiti akagadzira maequations akaomarara emamiriro ezvinhu egasi chaiwo, akadai seequation yeVan der Waals, kuti atsanangure kutsauka uku. Equation yeVan der Waals inonatsa Mutemo waBoyle nekuwedzera zvinhu zviviri zvekugadzirisa: chimwe chekugadzirisa huwandu hwemamorekuru uye chimwe chemasimba anokwezva ari pakati pemamorekuru.
Equation yaVan der Waals inotsanangurwa seinotevera:
\[ \left( P + \frac{an^2}{V^2} \right) \left( V – nb \right) = nRT \]
Di mana:
– \(P\) = Kumanikidzwa kwegasi
– \(V\) = Huwandu hwegasi
– \(n\) = Nhamba yemamota
– \(T\) = Kupisa kwegasi
– \(R\) = Gasi risingaperi repasi rose
– \(a\) uye \(b\) = Zvimisikidzo zvinoenderana nerudzi rwegasi
Hukama Nemimwe Mitemo yeGasi
Kunze kweMutemo waBoyle, kune mimwe mitemo yakawanda yegesi iyo pamwe chete inoumba hwaro hwedzidziso yegesi yekinetic uye thermodynamics. Heano mimwe yemitemo yegesi uye hukama hwayo nevhoriyamu nekumanikidzwa:
1. Mutemo waCharles
Mutemo waCharles unoti huwandu hwegasi hunoenderana zvakananga nekupisa kwaro kwakakwana pakumanikidzwa kwaro nguva dzose. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana tembiricha yegasi ikawedzerwa, huwandu huchawedzera ukuwo kumanikidzwa kwacho kuchiramba kuripo nguva dzose.
2. Mutemo weGay-Lussac
Mutemo waGay-Lussac unoti kumanikidzwa kwegasi kunoenderana zvakananga nekupisa kwaro kwakakwana pahuwandu husingachinji. Saka, kana tembiricha yegasi ikawedzerwa pahuwandu husingachinji, kumanikidzwa kwegasi kuchawedzerawo.
3. Mutemo waAvogadro
Mutemo waAvogadro unoti pakumanikidzwa nekupisa kwakafanana, huwandu hwegasi hunoenderana zvakananga nehuwandu hwemamoles egasi. Nemamwe mashoko, huwandu hwakaenzana hwemamoles egasi huchava nehuwandu hwakaenzana pakumanikidzwa nekupisa kwakafanana.
4. Kuenzanisa Kwegasi Kwakakodzera
Iyo Ideal Gas Equation musanganiswa wemitemo mitatu iri pamusoro, iyo inoratidzwa muchimiro:
\[ PV = nRT \]
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa nehuwandu hwemagasi kwakakosha kumapazi mazhinji esainzi neinjiniya. Mutemo waBoyle, mumwe wemitemo mikuru yegasi, unopa ruzivo rwekutanga pamusoro pekuti magasi anoita sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Mashandisirwo awo akafara, kubva pamaitiro ehupenyu akadai sekufema kusvika kumatekinoroji ezuva nezuva akadai semainjini ekupisa mukati uye kuchengetwa kwegasi. Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo waBoyle uchibatsira zvikuru, kune mamiriro ezvinhu apo magasi chaiwo asingateereri mutemo uyu zvakakwana, uye mamodheru akaomarara akadai seVan der Waals equation anodiwa kuti tinzwisise maitiro egasi mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara. Ruzivo urwu, pamwe chete nemimwe mitemo yegasi, runoumba hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwedu zvinhu zvatinoda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mukuvandudza tekinoroji yepamusoro.
