Dzidziso yeChiito yaJohn Searle: Kufumura Hukuru hweMutauro neChokwadi
John Searle mumwe wevazivi vemazuva ano vakakurumbira, akagadzira maonero akarongeka ezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveuzivi, kusanganisira mutauro, pfungwa, uye chokwadi chemagariro evanhu. Chimwe chezvipo zvikuru zvaSearle idzidziso yake yezviito, iyo inoongorora zvakadzama hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nechokwadi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora dzidziso yaJohn Searle yezviito, mavambo ayo, pfungwa huru, uye zvazvinoreva pakunzwisisa kwedu mutauro uye chokwadi chemagariro evanhu.
Nhoroondo yeUzivi hweChiito hwaSearle
John Searle akazvarwa muna 1932 muUnited States uye akawana dhigirii rake rePhD kubva kuYunivhesiti yeOxford. Simba rehuzivi hwekuongorora mutauro, kunyanya mabasa aJ.L. Austin naLudwig Wittgenstein, rinonzwika zvakanyanya mubasa raSearle. Mubhuku rake, "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language" (1969), Searle anowedzera pfungwa yaAustin ye "speech acts" nenzira yakarongeka uye yakazara.
Chiito chekutaura chiito chinoitwa kuburikidza nekutaura mazwi. Semuenzaniso, nekutaura kuti "Ndinovimbisa," munhu haangotauri mazwi chete asiwo anoita chiito chekuvimbisa. Chiito ichi chekutaura chinoita basa rakakosha mukudyidzana kwevanhu uye chinobvumira vanhu kutaurirana nekugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzehupenyu hwevanhu.
Chimiro Chekutanga cheMabasa Ekutaura
Searle anoona zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru muzviito zvekutaura: kutaura, kutaura, uye kutaura. Zvinhu zvitatu izvi zvinoumba chimiro chikuru chinotsanangura mashandiro anoita mutauro sechishandiso chekuita zviito zvevanhu.
1. Chiito chekutaura mashoko ane zvarinoreva. Semuenzaniso, kana mumwe munhu akati “Kuri kunaya,” chiito chake chekutaura mashoko chinoreva kuti kuri kunaya.
2. Mutemo weKutaura: Uyu ndiwo mutemo wekuita chimwe chinhu nekutaura mazwi. Mumuenzaniso wekuti “Kuri kunaya,” mutemo weKutaura ungave wekupa ruzivo kumuteereri nezvemamiriro ekunze.
3. Kutaurirana: Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro unokonzerwa nemashoko anotaurwa pamuteereri. Semuenzaniso, muteereri anonzwa kuti “Kuri kunaya” angasarudza kuunza amburera kana kufunga patsva nezvezvirongwa zvake.
Nekusiyanisa zvinhu zvitatu izvi, Searle inopa hurongwa hwakaoma kunzwisisa kuti mutauro hausi chishandiso chekutaurirana chete, asiwo chishandiso chekugadzira zviito zvechokwadi zvevanhu.
Kurongwa kweMitemo yeIllocutionary
Searle akaenderera mberi nekugadzira mapoka ezviito zvisina basa muzvikamu zvishanu zvikuru, chimwe nechimwe chine basa rakasiyana nechinangwa mukutaurirana:
1. Mumiriri: Chiito ichi chine chinangwa chekuburitsa pachena mamiriro ezvinhu kana chokwadi. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvirevo kana mishumo.
2. Murairo: Chiito ichi chinangwa chekuita kuti mumwe munhu aite chimwe chinhu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvikumbiro, mirairo, kana mazano.
3. Kukurudzira: Chiito ichi chinosanganisira kuzvipira kwemutauri kuita chimwe chinhu mune ramangwana. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kuvimbisa kana kupa.
4. Kuratidza pachena: Chiito ichi chinangwa chekuratidza manzwiro kana maitiro emutauri. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kuratidza kutenda, kukumbira ruregerero, kana kukorokotedza.
5. Kuzivisa: Chiito ichi chinopa shanduko mune chinzvimbo kana mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu nekungotaura pachena. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kuroora mumwe wako, kuisa mutongo, kana kusiya basa.
Kufunga uye Basa reKuziva reMutauro
Imwe yepfungwa huru mudzidziso yaSearle yezviito ndeyekuva nechinangwa, pfuma yepfungwa nemashoko anodzitungamira kune zvinhu kana mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Searle anoona mutauro sekuwedzera kwekugona kwevanhu kufunga zvine chinangwa, kureva, pfungwa dzinoreva kana nezvechimwe chinhu.
Mukuona kwaSearle, zviito zvemitauro zvakabatana zvakanyanya nemaumbirwo epfungwa dzedu. Semuenzaniso, kana munhu akaita vimbiso, haasi kungotaura mashoko chete, asiwo ane mafungiro chaiwo nezveramangwana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutauro haugone kunzwisiswa wakaparadzana nemaumbirwo nemabasa epfungwa dzevanhu.
Chokwadi Chemagariro Evanhu
Dzidziso yaSearle yezviito inewo zvazvinoreva pakunzwisisa kwedu chokwadi chemagariro evanhu. Mubhuku rake rinonzi “The Construction of Social Reality” (1995), Searle akataura kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvenyika yedu yemagariro evanhu zvinogadzirwa kuburikidza nezviito zvemutauro. Akadana pfungwa iyi kuti “chokwadi chemasangano,” izvo zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita semari, pfuma, uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana esimba uye tsika dzemagariro evanhu.
Zvinhu zvesangano zvinosiyaniswa nezvinhu zvisina musoro, izvo zviri zvinhu zviripo zvakazvimiririra kubva pazvitendero kana zviito zvevanhu, zvakaita semakomo kana mapuraneti. Zvinhu zvesangano, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoenderana nekubvumirana kwevanhu pamwe nekushandiswa kwemutauro. Semuenzaniso, mari ine kukosha chete nekuti pane kubvumirana kwevanhu kuti ine kukosha. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutauro unoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira nekuchengetedza marongerwo emagariro akaomarara.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Kubudirira
Kufanana nedzidziso dzakawanda dzepfungwa, dzidziso yaSearle yezviito zvekutaura haina kupukunyuka kushoropodzwa. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoti Searle inonyanya kusimbisa basa remutauro mukugadzira chokwadi chemagariro evanhu, ichiregeredza zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sesimba uye maumbirwo ezvinhu. Uyezve, zvakanzi Searle anotsanangura zviito zvekutaura haanyatso ratidza kuoma uye kusiyana kwezviito zvekutaurirana mukuita.
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa uku, mipiro yaSearle ichiri kukosha uye yakakurudzira kutsvagurudza kwakawanda kwakazotevera muuzivi hwemutauro nesainzi yemagariro evanhu. Basa rake rakakonzera hurukuro dzakasiyana-siyana uye budiriro yedzidziso, kusanganisira ongororo yekuti tekinoroji yedhijitari nenhau dzemagariro evanhu zvinopesvedzera sei nzira yatinotaura uye yatinogadzira nayo mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yaJohn Searle yezviito inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuti mutauro hausi chishandiso chekutaurirana chete, asiwo nzira yekugadzira nekunzwisisa chokwadi chemagariro evanhu. Nekuparadzanisa zviito zvemitauro muzvikamu zvikuru zvakaita sekutaura, kutaura, uye kutaura, uye kuisa zviito zvisina maturo muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, Searle inopa hurongwa hwakazara hwekuongorora nekunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekudyidzana kwevanhu.
Pfungwa dzechinangwa uye chokwadi chesangano mubasa raSearle dzinowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu hukama huripo pakati pepfungwa, mutauro, nenyika yemagariro evanhu. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa, pfungwa idzi dzinoramba dzichikosha uye dzinoumba hwaro hwakakosha hwekutsvagisa nekukurukura kwakawanda muuzivi hwemazuva ano. Saka, dzidziso yaJohn Searle yezviito haingowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu mutauro nekutaurirana chete asiwo inopa chishandiso chakasimba chekuongorora nekunzwisisa kuoma kwechokwadi chemagariro evanhu.
