Dzidziso yeMutemo wechisikigo weRuramisiro
Dzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo weruramisiro ndeimwe yepfungwa dzekare uye dzine simba guru munhoroondo yekufunga kwemutemo. Chaizvoizvo, dzidziso iyi inobva mukutenda kuti mitemo yetsika inowanikwa muhunhu hwevanhu uye kurongeka kwechisikigo, saka, mutemo wechokwadi unofanirwa kuenderana nemitemo iyi. Nemamwe mashoko, mutemo hauyerwi chete nekuti unogadzwa nesangano repamutemo here, asiwo nekuti zviri mukati mawo zvakarurama here, zvine musoro here, uye zvinoremekedza chiremerera chemunhu here. Mumakakatanwa akasiyana-siyana, mutemo wechisikigo unowanzoiswa se "kambasi yetsika" inoedza miganhu yemutemo wakanaka (mutemo wakagadzwa nehurumende).
Tsanangudzo nezvikonzero
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mutemo wechisikigo unogona kunzwisiswa senheyo dzepasi rose dzeruramisiro dzinogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nekufunga kwevanhu. Nheyo iyi inoonekwa seisingabatanidzwi nezvibvumirano zvezvematongerwo enyika, tsika dzakasiyana, kana kuda kwevari kutonga. Nokudaro, inowanzobatanidzwa nepfungwa yekodzero dzevanhu: kune kodzero "dzakazvarwa" kuvanhu, kwete nekuti dzinopihwa nehurumende, asi nekuti vanhu vane chiremera nepfungwa.
Mukati mehurongwa uhu, mutemo wakanaka unoonekwa semutemo wakanaka chete kana uchienderana netsika dzakakosha dzakadai sekutendeseka, kurambidza kukuvadzwa zvisina kururama, kuchengetedza hupenyu, uye kubata munhu wese zvakaenzana. Kana mutemo uchibvumidza kudzvinyirira, rusarura, kana hutsinye, dzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo inowanzoti "mutemo usina kururama," nokudaro uchirasikirwa nemvumo yawo yetsika, kunyangwe ungaramba uchishanda zviri pamutemo.
Nhoroondo pfupi yekukura kwemutemo wechisikigo
Midzi yekufunga kwemutemo wechisikigo inogona kuteverwa kumashure kupfungwa dzekare dzechiGiriki. Vafungi vakaita saAristotle vakasiyanisa pakati pe "ruramisiro yechisikigo" ne "ruramisiro yechisikigo." Kururamisira kwechisikigo kwaivimba nemitemo yaibvumiranwa mukati meguta (nyika), nepo kururamisira kwechisikigo kwaionekwa sekunoshanda zvakanyanya nekuti kwaitsamira pahunhu hwevanhu.
Munguva yeRoma, Cicero aive munhu akakosha mukuisa pfungwa yemutemo wechisikigo se "chikonzero chakarurama" maererano nechisikigo. Mutemo, kuna Cicero, waisangova murairo wemutongi; unofanira kuratidza pfungwa dzakajairika netsika. Zvikasadaro, waisazokodzera kunzi mutemo mupfungwa yakanaka.
Mukati meMiddle Ages, pfungwa yemutemo wechisikigo yakawana chimiro chakarongeka kuburikidza naThomas Aquinas. Aquinas akakamura mutemo kuita mazinga akati wandei: mutemo usingaperi (lex aeterna), mutemo wechisikigo (lex naturalis), mutemo waMwari (lex divina), uye mutemo wevanhu (lex humana). Mutemo wevanhu unofanira kuva chinhu chinonzwisisika chinobva mumutemo wechisikigo. Kana mutemo wevanhu uchipesana nemutemo wechisikigo, Aquinas akataura kuti wakaita se "mhirizhonga" kupfuura mutemo, saka hausungi hana.
Munguva yazvino, mutemo wechisikigo wakachinja nekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Vanhu vakaita saHugo Grotius naJohn Locke vakagadzira pfungwa yekodzero dzechisikigo—kodzero dzehupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma—iyo yakazokurudzira kutevedzera bumbiro remitemo uye Chiziviso cheKodzero. Grotius anowanzo taurwa achireva kuti mutemo wechisikigo waizoramba uchishanda kunyangwe "dai Mwari asipo," mutsara unosimbisa kuti mutemo wechisikigo unogona kunzwisiswa zvine musoro, kwete chete muzvidzidzo zvechitendero.
Pfungwa yekururamisira mumutemo wechisikigo
Kururamisira, kubva pamaonero emutemo wechisikigo, kwakabatana zvakanyanya nepfungwa yekuti "kupa munhu wese zvaanofanira" uye kuchengetedza kurongeka kwetsika. Kururamisira hakusi kungotevera nzira chete - semuenzaniso, kuvapo kwematare edzimhosva kana nzira dzepamutemo - asi zvakare kune simba, zvichireva kuti zviri mumutemo zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvechokwadi uye zvakakodzera. Mitemo inongotevedzera nzira chete asi ichizvidza zviri mukati mayo inoonekwa seisingakwanise kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neruramisiro.
Dzimwe nheyo dzeruramisiro dzinowanzoonekwa sedzinoenderana nemutemo wechisikigo dzinosanganisira:
1. Rukudzo rwevanhu sechinokosha: vanhu havafanirwe kungobatwa sezvishandiso zvezvematongerwo enyika kana zvehupfumi chete.
2. Kuenzana kwetsika: munhu wese ane tsika dzakafanana, saka rusarura rusina kurongeka runopesana neruramisiro.
3. Kunzwisisa uye chinangwa chakanaka: mutemo unofanirwa kuva nemusoro uye wakanangana nekubatsira vanhu vose.
4. Kuenzana: chirango nekurambidzwa kwekodzero zvinofanirwa kuenderana nechido chisina kururama kana chepamutemo.
5. Kurambidzwa kwekusaruramisira: mitemo inobvumidza zviito zvisina hunhu, kudzvinyirirwa, kana kunyimwa kodzero pasina chikonzero chakarurama inoonekwa seine hunhu husina kunaka.
Hukama huripo pakati pemutemo wechisikigo nemutemo wakanaka
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvedzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo ndeyekutsoropodza kwayo maonero emutemo ekuti "mutemo mutemo" chero bedzi uchiitwa nemasangano ane mvumo zvichienderana nemaitiro akakodzera. Mutemo wechisikigo haurambi mutemo wakanaka, asi unoda kuti mutemo wakanaka utongwe netsika dzakanaka. Izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo wekare: vagari vanosungirwa kuteerera mitemo isina kururama here?
Mutsika dzemutemo wechisikigo, mhinduro yacho inowanzova yakajeka: mitemo inopesana zvikuru neruramisiro inogona kurasikirwa nesimba rayo rinosunga tsika. Zvisinei, nzira iyi hairevi hazvo kuti kutyorwa kwemutemo kwese kunorangwa muzita retsika. Vafungi vemutemo wechisikigo vanowanzo funga nezvenjodzi yekusagadzikana kwevanhu kana kusateerera kukaitwa pasina kufunga kwakakodzera. Nokudaro, pfungwa inomuka yekuti kuramba mitemo isina kururama kwakanyanya kunofanira kuitwa nenzira dzine mutoro, dzakadai sekuramba kwehurumende kusina mhirizhonga, kutsigira pamutemo, kana kugadzirisa masangano.
Kukosha munyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu
Dzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo inowanzo shanda sehwaro hwepfungwa dzekodzero dzevanhu dzemazuva ano. Kana kodzero dzevanhu dzichingoonekwa se "zvipo" kubva kuhurumende, saka hurumende inogona kudzibvisa chero nguva. Mutemo wechisikigo unopa nharo yakasimba: dzimwe kodzero dziri muvanhu, saka hurumende inosungirwa kudzichengetedza, kwete kudzigadzira painoda.
Semuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kushungurudzwa uye kutsakatika kwechisimba kunowanzoonekwa setsika isingafaniri kutyorwa chero mumamiriro ezvinhu api zvawo. Maonero aya anoenderana nechitendero chemutemo wechisikigo chekuti kune miganhu yetsika inopfuura iyo simba risingafaniri kutyorwa. Mukutonga, mutemo wechisikigo unokurudzira kuzivikanwa kwekutongwa kwakarurama sechikamu chekuremekedza chiremerera chevanhu.
Kutsoropodzwa kwedzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo
Pasinei nepesvedzero yayo, dzidziso iyi yakatsoropodzwawo. Chekutanga, pane mubvunzo wekuti ndiani anosarudza zviri mumutemo wechisikigo. Kana zvichinzi ndewepasi rose, nei paine misiyano yetsika mutsika dzakasiyana? Chechipiri, vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoti mutemo wechisikigo unogona kunge usina kujeka, zvichiita kuti zviome kushandisa kunyaya dzakajeka. Chechitatu, pane kunetseka kuti kutaura kwekuti "uyu mutemo wechisikigo" kunogona kushandiswa kururamisa dzimwe zvirongwa zvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya kana mitemo yetsika inoshandiswa isina kunyatsobvumiranwa.
Uyezve, vanotenda mune zvematongerwo enyika vanoti kuvhiringidza "mutemo chii" ne "zvaunofanira kuva" kunogona kukanganisa chokwadi chemutemo. Kwavari, kutonga kwetsika kwakakosha, asi kunopinda mutsika kana zvematongerwo enyika zvemutemo, kwete mutsananguro yemutemo pachawo.
Penutup
Dzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo yeruramisiro inotipa maonero ekuti mutemo hausi chibereko chemaitiro epamutemo chete, asi unofanirwa kuvakirwa pahwaro hwetsika hunoremekedza vanhu. Nhoroondo yawo yakareba inoratidza kuti pfungwa iyi yagara ichigadziriswa, kubva pauzivi hwekare uye pfungwa dzechitendero dzepakati nepakati kusvika kupfungwa yekodzero dzechisikigo dzinopesvedzera democracy yemazuva ano. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwayo, mutemo wechisikigo unoramba wakakosha senzira yekuongorora kuvimbika kwemutemo wakanaka, kunyanya kana uine mukana wekuva chishandiso chekusaruramisira. Pakupedzisira, dzidziso iyi inotiyeuchidza kuti chinangwa chikuru chemutemo ndechekuchengetedza kurongeka kwakarurama - kwete kungochengetedza simba chete, asi kuchengetedza chiremera nerubatsiro rwevanhu vose.
