Kunzwisisa pfungwa dzevanhu (Rationalism) vs Empiricism (Empiricism)
Nhaurirano pakati pepfungwa dzinonzwisisika (rationalism) nepfungwa dzinonzwisisika (empiricism) ndeimwe yezvitsauko zvinonyanya kutsanangurwa munhoroondo yepfungwa dzeruzivo (epistemology). Dzose dziri mbiri dzinotsvaga kupindura mubvunzo wekutanga: ruzivo rwakavimbika runobva kupi? Zvisinei, dzinopa mhinduro dzakasiyana. Pfungwa dzinonzwisisika dzinosimbisa basa repfungwa nepfungwa senzvimbo huru yeruzivo, nepo pfungwa dzichitsanangura kuti ruzivo rwepfungwa ndirwo hwaro hwakakosha. Kusawirirana uku kwaisangova hurukuro yedzidzo chete; simba rayo rinoonekwa nhasi mukunzwisisa kwatinoita sainzi, dzidzo, nzira dzekutsvagisa, uye kunyange kuti vanhu vanotonga sei chokwadi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Kunzwisisa Ruzivo
Kufunga zvine musoro (Rationalism) ipfungwa dzinoti kufunga (ration) ndiyo nzira inonyanya kukosha uye yakavimbika yekuwana ruzivo. Sekureva kwevanofunga zvine musoro, kune mhando dzeruzivo dzisingatsamiri pane zvakaitika mupfungwa. Ruzivo urwu runogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekufunga, kunzwisisa zvine musoro, uye misimboti inoonekwa seyakajeka.
Munhu anozivikanwa zvikuru wepfungwa dzepfungwa ndiRené Descartes. Anozivikanwa nemashoko ake ekuti "Cogito, ergo sum" (ndinofunga, saka ndiri). Mukuona kwake, kusava nechokwadi inzira yekusefa ruzivo rwechokwadi. Descartes aidavira kuti pfungwa dzinogona kunyengedza, saka ruzivo rwechokwadi runofanira kuva nechokwadi chisina mubvunzo, uye izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekufunga.
Kunze kwaDescartes, vanhu vakakosha mukufunga zvinhu nenzira yekufunga nepfungwa vaiva Baruch Spinoza naGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Spinoza aiona nyika senzira inogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwepfungwa, ukuwo Leibniz achiti pfungwa dzemunhu dzine misimboti yepfungwa dzepfungwa (pfungwa dzepfungwa) dzinotigonesa kunzwisisa chokwadi.
Mukati mehurongwa hwepfungwa dzepfungwa, masvomhu anowanzoonekwa semuenzaniso wakanaka. Hatifanirwe "kuzviona" zvakananga kuti tizive kuti 2+2=4; tinozvinzwisisa kuburikidza nemitemo yepfungwa nepfungwa dzinonzwisiswa nepfungwa.
Kunzwisisa Empiricism
Kusiyana nepfungwa yekufunga, pfungwa yekufunga (empiricism) inoti ruzivo rukuru ruzivo, kunyanya ruzivo rwekunzwa: kuona, kunzwa, kubata, kunhuwidza, uye kuravira. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzekufunga (empiricism) dzinoti vanhu havana pfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo; pfungwa pakutanga dzakaita sedombo risina chinhu (tabula rasa), uye ruzivo "runonyora" zviri mukati maro.
Munhu aitungamira mukuongorora zvinhu zvepfungwa aive John Locke, uyo akagadzira pfungwa ye tabula rasa. Sekureva kwaLocke, pfungwa dzese dzakaoma dzinotanga nezviitiko zviri nyore zvinozogadziriswa kuburikidza nekufungisisa nekubatana.
Mumwe munhu anokosha, George Berkeley, akasimbisa kuti kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu kwakabatana zvikuru nepfungwa: "esse est percipi" (kuvapo kunoonekwa). Panguva iyi, David Hume akatora pfungwa yekufungidzira kusvika padanho rekusava nechokwadi. Hume haana kusava nechokwadi nepfungwa yechikonzero nemhedzisiro sechinhu "chechokwadi" zvine musoro; akataura kuti chikonzero nemhedzisiro ingori tsika dzekufunga dzinoumbwa nekutarisa kwedu kakawanda zviitiko zviviri zvichiitika zvakatevedzana.
Munyika yanhasi, kufungidzira kwakabatana zvikuru nenzira yesainzi. Sainzi inovimba nekutarisa, kuyedza, kuyera, uye kusimbisa. Zvinotaurwa zvisingakwanise kuongororwa nekuyedza zvinowanzoonekwa sezvisina simba kana kuti zvisiri zvesainzi.
Kusiyana Kwakakosha Pakati Pepfungwa Dzinonzwisisika uye Kutonga Kwemasimba
Kusiyana kuripo pakati pepfungwa ye "rationalism" ne "empiricism" kunogona kuonekwa kubva pane zvinotevera:
1. Kunobva ruzivo
- Rationalism: chikonzero, pfungwa, mhedzisiro.
- Empiricism: ruzivo rwekunzwa, kutarisa, kupinza.
2. Mazano ekuzvarwa nawo
– Kufunga zvinhu nenzira yekufunga: kugamuchira mukana wepfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo.
– Empiricism: inoramba pfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo; pfungwa dzese dzinobva pane zvakaitika.
3. Nzira yekuwana chokwadi
- Kufunga zvine musoro: kusimbisa chokwadi chine musoro uye chimiro chepfungwa.
- Empiricism: inosimbisa kuyedza kuburikidza neruzivo rwechokwadi uye humbowo.
4. Mienzaniso yeAnchronic neyazvino uno
- Kunzwisisa pfungwa kunobudirira mumasvomhu uye mukufunga kwepfungwa.
- Empiricism inobudirira mune zvesainzi yekuedza uye tsvakurudzo yemumunda.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti haasi matambudziko ese anogona kugadziriswa nenzira imwe chete. Semuenzaniso, mufizikisi, kuwanikwa kwedzidziso kunowanzoda mamodheru emasvomhu (rational), asi humbowo hwazvo hunoda kuyedza (empirical).
Simba uye Kusasimba kweRationalism
Chinhu chakanaka chepfungwa dzepfungwa ndekugona kwayo kutsanangura ruzivo rwakafanana nerwevanhu vose uye rwakati wandei, senge mitemo yepfungwa nemasvomhu. Pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinokurudzirawo kufunga kwakarongeka, kwakafanana, uye kwakadzama.
Zvisinei, kufunga zvine hurema kana zvichinyanya kuvimba nezvinhu zvisingafungidzike. Kana kusatungamirirwa nechokwadi, kufunga kunogona kugadzira dzidziso dzakanaka dzisina hwaro hwechokwadi. Uyezve, zvinotaurwa nezvepfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo zvinowanzova zvakaoma kuratidza zvakajeka.
Simba uye Kusasimba kweEmpiricism
Empiricism inokunda nekuda kwekuva pedyo kwayo nechokwadi chaicho uye ruzivo. Musainzi yemazuva ano, nzira yekuongorora zvinhu inobatsira vanhu kugadzira matekinoroji anobatsira nekuti ruzivo runoedzwa kuburikidza nekuyedza.
Asi empiricism ine miganhu yayo. Ruzivo rwepfungwa runogona kukanganisa, rune muganhu, uye runopesvedzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Uyezve, empiricism dzimwe nguva inonetseka kutsanangura pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike dzisingaonekwe "nekukurumidza." Imwe tsumo ye empiricism ndeyekuti data rega haringotungamiriri kukunzwisisa; vanhu vachiri kuda marongero epfungwa nepfungwa kuti vatsanangure ruzivo.
Kuedza Kugadzira: Immanuel Kant
Nhaurirano pakati pekufunga nepfungwa dzakasimba dzakasvika padanho rakakosha mupfungwa dzaImmanuel Kant. Kant akataura kuti ruzivo runobva mukusanganiswa kwezvinhu zviviri izvi: ruzivo runopa "zvinhu zvakagadziriswa," nepo kufunga kuchipa "chimiro" kana chimiro chekuchinzwisisa. Mumashoko aKant, "ruzivo rusina pfungwa haruna maturo, pfungwa dzisina ruzivo hadzina maturo."
Saka, Kant haana kutsigira zvachose fungidziro yepfungwa kana yekufungidzira, asi akaedza kubatanidza zvinhu zviviri izvi. Akatsanangura kuti vanhu vane mamwe marudzi ekunzwisisa (akadai senzvimbo, nguva, chikonzero nemhedzisiro) anoita kuti ruzivo rurongwe kuita ruzivo.
Kukosha Munguva Yazvino
Munyika yanhasi, gakava riripo pakati pepfungwa dzinonzwisisika (rationalism) nepfungwa dzinonzwisisika (empiricism) richiri kukosha. Mukutsvagisa kwesainzi, tinoona musanganiswa wezviviri izvi: dzidziso nemamodheru (rational) zvinoshandiswa kufanotaura zviitiko, zvobva zvaedzwa kuburikidza nekuyedza nedata (empirically). Mudzidzo, tinodawo maekisesaizi mukufunga nekufunga zvakadzama, asiwo ruzivo, maitiro, uye kudzidza kwakavakirwa papurojekiti.
Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinowanzo tonga zvinhu tichishandisa "pfungwa" uye "ruzivo." Semuenzaniso, munhu angashandisa pfungwa kuyera njodzi dzesarudzo yemari, asi angashandisawo ruzivo rwekare kuongorora mhedzisiro inogona kuitika.
Mhedziso
Kufunga zvine musoro uye kutarisisa zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvinoumba manzwisisiro anoita vanhu ruzivo. Kufunga zvine musoro kunonyanya kukosha kufunga senzvimbo yechokwadi, nepo kutarisisa zvinhu zvine musoro kuchinyanya kukosha pakuziva ruzivo sehwaro hwechokwadi. Chimwe nechimwe chine simba racho uye kusasimba kwacho, uye mukuita, zviviri izvi zvinowanzoenderana. Pfungwa dzemazuva ano—kunyanya musainzi—dzinonyanya kuenda kukugadzira zvinhu: dzidziso ine musoro inopa gwara, nepo humbowo hwekuongorora huchisimbisa kushanda kwayo. Nekunzwisisa nzira idzi mbiri, hatingodzidzi nhoroondo yeuzivi chete asiwo tinovandudza kufunga kwedu kwakakosha mukutsvaga chokwadi.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemaitiro emagazini yesainzi, rondedzero inozivikanwa, kana kuwedzera mienzaniso yezviitiko (semuenzaniso mune zvepfungwa, zvehupfumi, kana sainzi yedata).
