Vatsoropodzi vePoststructuralist veHumanism
Humanism, semaonero enyika anoisa vanhu pakati pezvinhu zvese, yakapesvedzera zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa munhoroondo yehuzivi netsika. Zvisinei, nekubuda kwepoststructuralism, humanism yakatarisana nematambudziko akakomba. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora ongororo dzepoststructuralist dzehumanism uye kutsanangura kuti maonero aya anopa sei nzwisiso itsva pamusoro penyaya yemunhu, mutauro, uye zvazvinoreva.
Hunhu hwevanhu uye chinzvimbo chahwo muuzivi
Humanism, iyo yakabudirira munguva yeRenaissance, yakaisa vanhu pakati pezvinhu zvese, zvese maererano netsika uye tsika dzepfungwa. Vanhu vakaita saPetrarch, Erasmus, naMontaigne mienzaniso yevafungi vakasimbisa kukosha kwehunhu, hunhu, uye kufunga kwevanhu. Izvi zvakaguma neKujekeswa, uko kwakasimbisa kufunga, rusununguko rwemunhu, uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi. Vaine tariro yekuti vanhu vane kugona kusingagumi kwekunzwisisa nekudzora nyika, humanism yakavimbisa rusununguko rwese nekufambira mberi.
Zvisinei, muzviitiko zvakazotevera, maonero aya akatanga kupikiswa. Poststructuralism, sangano refilosofi rakabuda muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20, rakapikisa pfungwa dzakagadzikana uye dzepasi rose dze'vanhu'. Nevanhu vakakosha vakaita saMichel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, naJulia Kristeva, poststructuralism yakapa kutsoropodzwa kwakadzama kwefungidziro dzevanhu.
Kutsoropodzwa kwenyaya iyi muHumanism
Chimwe chezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa pamusoro pe poststructuralism ipfungwa yenyaya iri mukati me humanism. Humanism inowanzo fungidzira kuti nyaya yemunhu chinhu chakagadzikana, chinozvitonga, uye chine musoro. Mumaonero aya, vanhu vane hunhu hwakafanana uye vanogona kuziva nekutonga nyika kuburikidza nekufunga neruzivo.
Poststructuralism inopikisa pfungwa iyi. Semuenzaniso, Michel Foucault akaratidza kuti nyaya iyi haisi chinhu chakazvimiririra uye chakasimba, asi kuti inyaya yemasimba akaomarara evanhu uye ekukurukurirana. Nyaya iyi, maererano naFoucault, inoumbwa nemaitiro esimba neruzivo zvinoshanda munharaunda. Kuzivikanwa kwemunhu hakugone kuparadzaniswa nekubatana kwesimba neruzivo zvinoumba pfungwa iyi.
Jacques Derrida, mukuongorora kwake logocentrism—kutenda kuti mazwi ane zvaanoreva zvakagara zvichiitika uye anogona kureva zvakananga kuchokwadi—anoratidza kuti zvaanoreva hazvigadzikane uye zvinogara zvichidzoserwa shure kuburikidza nenzira yaanoti "musiyano." Mukuona kwaDerrida, hapana musimboti wakasimba wenyaya nekuti hunhu hunogara huchiumbwa kuburikidza nekusiyana uye kure nekwaanobva kune mamwe maziviro.
Kutsoropodzwa kweKunzwisisa uye Mutauro
Humanism inosimbisa zvikuru kunzwisisa kwevanhu senzira huru yekunzwisisa nekudzora nyika. Zvisinei, poststructuralism inopesana nepfungwa iyi nekuratidza kuti kunzwisisa pachako kunoumbwa sei kuburikidza nemitauro nehurukuro dzakasiyana-siyana.
Julia Kristeva, nedzidziso yake yekusateerera, anoratidza kuti zvinhu zvisina musoro uye zvisingagamuchirwi zvezviitiko zvevanhu zvinowanzo siyiwa parutivi kuchengetedza kubatana munharaunda uye hunhu hwakagadzikana hwemunhu. Kuna Kristeva, mutauro hausi chishandiso chekutaurirana zvine musoro chete, asiwo munda wekurwisana wakazara nekusawirirana nekupatsanurana.
Uyezve, kuna Derrida, mutauro haugone kujeka zvizere kana kuratidza zvakananga pfungwa nechokwadi. Unogara uchishanda kuburikidza nekutamba kwezviratidzo zvisina kupera. Nokudaro, kuedza kuwana ruzivo rwakakwana kana chirevo chakasimba hazvina musoro. Izvi zvinopikisa zvakare chitendero chevanhu chekuti ruzivo nechokwadi zvinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nepfungwa dzevanhu.
Kubviswa kweKuzivikanwa uye Zvazvinoreva
Kuparadza, nzira inozivikanwa mu poststructuralism yakatangwa naDerrida, inotsvaga kuratidza kuti zvinyorwa (uye, nekuwedzera, marudzi ese ehurukuro) zvinogara zvine kupokana uye kusagadzikana kunodzikisira zvinotaurwa nezverevo yakagadzika uye yakavharwa. Muchirevo chekuongorora humanism, kuparadza kunoratidza kuti hunhu hwevanhu netsika, dzakadai serusununguko nerudzi rwevanhu, zvinowanzovakirwa panheyo dzisingatsigi uye dzinopesana.
Nekuparadza zvinyorwa zvehumanism, Derrida anoratidza kuti pfungwa dzakadai serusununguko nekufambira mberi zvinowanzova nezviratidzo zvekumanikidzwa nesimba. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa yerusununguko muhumanism inowanzofungidzirwa kuti ndeyepasi rose, asi chokwadi chenhoroondo chinoratidza kuti rusununguko urwu runowanzo ganhwa nemamiriro chaiwo emagariro evanhu, ehupfumi, uye ezvematongerwo enyika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuderedza, tinoona kuti tsika idzi dzehumanism hadzina kumbobvira dzave pasi rose kana kuti dzisina simba.
Kutsoropodzwa kweKufanana uye Kuenzana
Imwe yepfungwa huru dzehumanism ndeyekuti dzimwe tsika, dzakadai serusununguko, kufunga, uye kufambira mberi, dzinoshanda kuvanhu vese. Poststructuralism inopikisa maonero aya nekuratidza kuti pfungwa yekuti nyika yose ipfungwa yemagariro evanhu nenhoroondo inowanzo furatira kusiyana nekusiyana.
Semuenzaniso, Foucault, mubhuku rake rinonzi "The Order of Things," anoratidza kuti nguva yega yega yenhoroondo ine nzira dzayo dzakasiyana dzekufunga, kuziva, uye kuita, dzaanoti "episteme." Hapana nzira imwe chete yekufunga inoshanda pasi rose kana kuti isingaperi. Saka, kuedza kushandisa tsika dzakasiyana pasi rose rudzi rwehutongi husingateereri nzira dzakasiyana dzehupenyu nepfungwa.
Kubva pamaonero ehupenyu hwekare, kusiyana kwetsika, nhoroondo, uye magariro evanhu kunofanirwa kukosheswa pane kuenzana. Kristeva akasimbisawo kukosha kwekufunga nezvezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinowanzo shomekerwa, zvakaita sezvevakadzi nemamwe mapoka madiki.
Mhedziso
Poststructuralism inopa kutsoropodza kwakadzama kwefungidziro huru dzehumanism. Nekupikisa pfungwa dzekugadzikana kwenyaya, kunzwisisa kwemutauro, kuenzana kwetsika, uye zvinoreva, poststructuralism inotikoka kuti tifungezve nezvemaonero edu nezvevanhu nenyika. Pane kuona vanhu sevanhu vanozvitonga uye vane pfungwa, poststructuralism inoratidza kuoma kwesimba, kutaura zvakasiyana, uye tsika dzekufananidzira dzinoumba hunhu nerevo. Kutsoropodza uku kunodzidzisa kuti zvese zvinotaurwa neruzivo nehunhu zvinofanira kugara zvakavhurika kune ongororo yakadzama uye kuputsa, kuitira kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa zviri nani kusiyana uye kusagadzikana kuri muzviitiko zvevanhu.
