John Locke nedzidziso yeEmpiricism
John Locke (1632–1704) aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba guru mutsika yemazuva ano yekufunga kweWestern. Zita rake rinowanzobatanidzwa nekuzvarwa kwe empiricism - chikoro cheuzivi chinosimbisa ruzivo senzvimbo huru yeruzivo. Kusiyana nevanofunga pfungwa, vaidavira kuti kufunga nepfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo dzaive hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwevanhu, Locke akataura kuti pfungwa dzemunhu pakutanga dzaive dzisina chinhu uye dzozoumbwa kuburikidza nekusangana nenyika. Pfungwa iyi yakanga isina kukosha muuzivi hweruzivo chete asiwo yakakanganisa zvikuru dzidzo, sainzi, psychology, uye kunyange pfungwa yerusununguko rwemunhu.
Nhoroondo yepfungwa dzaJohn Locke
Locke akararama munguva yekuchinja kukuru muEurope: shanduko yesainzi, gakava rezvematongerwo enyika muEngland, uye nharo dzakasimba pamusoro pechitendero nemasimba enyika. Akaona kuti nzira itsva dzekufunga—kusimbisa kuongorora, kuedza, uye humbowo—dzakatanga sei kutsiva dzidzo, iyo yaivimba zvakanyanya nechiremera chetsika. Ndimo maive muchimiro ichi apo Locke akagadzira pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekuti vanhu vanowana sei ruzivo.
Basa raLocke rinokosha pane dzidziso yeruzivo ndiAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). Mubhuku iri, anoedza kupindura mubvunzo wekutanga: pfungwa dzevanhu neruzivo zvinobva kupi? Nekupindura mubvunzo uyu, Locke anovavarira kuganhurira kutaura kwekufungidzira kwakanyanya paruzivo uye anokurudzira vanhu kuti vachenjerere kutaura kuti chero chinhu ndechechokwadi.
Empiricism: Ruzivo Runobva Muzviitiko
Pfungwa huru yepfungwa dzaLocke ndeyekuti ruzivo rwese runobva muzviitiko. Kuna Locke, hapana pfungwa inomuka mupfungwa isina kutanga yakavakirwa pazviitiko zvevanhu. Akaramba pfungwa ye "pfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo," chitendero chekuti vanhu vanoberekwa vaine pfungwa dzakati, dzakadai saMwari, tsika, kana dzimwe nheyo dzine musoro. Locke akati kana pfungwa idzi dzaive dzekuzvarwa nadzo zvechokwadi, vanhu vese vanofanira kuva nadzo pasi rose uye kuzviziva kubva pakutanga. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisizvo: vana kana vanhu vasina kudzidza havangonzwisisi dzimwe nheyo dzetsika kana dzepfungwa dzisina ruzivo pasina kudzidza neruzivo.
Pane kudaro, Locke akatanga fananidzo yakakurumbira: pfungwa dzemunhu dzakaita se "blank slate" (tabula rasa). Pfungwa hadzina chinhu kubva pakuzvarwa, dzozo "zadzwa" zvishoma nezvishoma neruzivo. Ruzivo runova chinhu chakakosha pakuumba pfungwa, ukuwo kugona kufunga kuchigadzirisa pfungwa idzodzo kuita ruzivo rwakaoma kunzwisisa.
Manyuko maviri eruzivo: Kunzwa uye Kufungisisa
Locke anotsanangura kuti ruzivo rwunobva kuzvinhu zviviri zvikuru:
1. Kunzwa
Kunzwa chiitiko chinotangira papfungwa shanu: kuona mavara, kunzwa ruzha, kunzwa kupisa kana kutonhora, kunhuhwirira hwema, kana kubata magadzirirwo. Kubva mumanzwiro, vanhu vanowana pfungwa dzakareruka dzakadai se "tsvuku," "dzakaoma," "dzinotapira," "dzinotonhora," uye chimiro kana kufamba.
2. Kufungisisa
Kufungisisa chiitiko chemukati apo pfungwa dzinoona mabasa ayo: kurangarira, kuenzanisa, kusava nechokwadi, kuda, kana kunzwisisa. Kana munhu akaona kuti ari kufunga, kuda, kutya, kana kusarudza chimwe chinhu, anowana pfungwa kubva mukufungisisa.
Manyuko maviri aya—manzwiro nekufungisisa—ndiwo hwaro hwepfungwa dzese. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange pfungwa dzinoita sedzisina kujeka dzakadzika midzi muruzivo rwepfungwa kana ruzivo rwemukati.
Mazano Ari Nyore uye Mazano Akaoma
Mudzidziso yaLocke, pfungwa dzakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri huru: pfungwa dziri nyore uye pfungwa dzakaoma.
- Pfungwa dziri nyore ipfungwa huru dzinogamuchirwa nepfungwa kubva pane zvakaitika, dzakadai se "chiedza," "chinovava," "chakatenderera," "kufamba," kana "kurwadziwa." Idzi pfungwa "zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa" zvisingakwanise kupatsanurwa zvakanyanya.
- Pfungwa yakaoma ipfungwa yakawanda iyo pfungwa dzinogadzira nekushandisa pfungwa dziri nyore. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "apuro" chaizvoizvo musanganiswa wepfungwa dzakawanda dziri nyore: dzakatenderera, dzvuku/girini, dzinotapira, dzine muto, dzine hwema hwakati, nezvimwewo.
Sekureva kwaLocke, kugona kwevanhu kusanganisa, kuenzanisa, uye pfungwa dziri nyore dzisingafungidzike kuita pfungwa dzakaoma ndiyo kiyi yekuumbwa kwepfungwa dzakakwirira, kusanganisira pfungwa pamusoro penzanga, mutemo, tsika, uye kunyange ruzivo rwesainzi.
Hunhu Hwekutanga uye Hunhu Hwechipiri
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapihwa naLocke muhuzivi kwaive kusiyanisa pakati pehunhu hwekutanga nehuviri muzvinhu.
– Hunhu hukuru hunhu hunowanikwa muchinhu pachacho, hwakadai sechimiro, saizi, huwandu, uye kufamba. Hunhu uhwu hunoonekwa sehwakarurama uye hwakazvimiririra kubva kune muoni.
– Hunhu hwechipiri hunhu hunobuda muchiitiko chemuoni nekuda kwekubatana kwemanzwiro nechinhu, senge ruvara, kuravira, uye kunhuwidza. Semuenzaniso, "tsvuku" haisi chinhu chiri muchinhu chakafanana nechimiro chayo, asi chiitiko chaicho chinoonekwa chinobuda muvanhu kana chiedza chikaratidzwa uye chakabatwa neziso.
Musiyano uyu wakakosha nekuti unobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei vanhu vachisangana nechinhu chimwe chete zvakasiyana. Mvura inogona kunzwa ichidziya kune mumwe munhu uye ichitonhora kune mumwe, zvichienderana nemamiriro avo emuviri. Saka Locke akaisa hwaro hwenzira yakakosha yesainzi yekuongorora data.
Ruzivo Nemiganhu Yarwo
Locke haana kungotsanangura mavambo ezivo chete asiwo akasimbisa miganhu yeruzivo rwevanhu. Kwaari, hatigoni kuziva zvese, kunyanya munzvimbo yemetaphysics, iyo inopfuura ruzivo. Ruzivo, maererano naLocke, ipfungwa yekubatana kana kusawirirana pakati pepfungwa. Nekuti pfungwa dzedu dzinobva muruzivo, zvatinogona kuziva zvinoenderanawo neruzivo irworwo.
Locke akasiyanisa mazinga akati wandei echokwadi muruzivo, akadai seruzivo rwekunzwisisa (rwakananga, senge "chena harisi dema"), ruzivo rwekuratidza (kuburikidza nematanho ekufunga, senge masvomhu), uye ruzivo rwekunzwisisa (rwakavakirwa paruzivo rwekunzwa rwekuvapo kwezvinhu zviri kunze kwedu). Zvisinei, akabvumawo kuti ruzivo rwekunzwisisa rune mwero wakaderera wechokwadi pane ruzivo rwemasvomhu, nekuti zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekucherechedza.
Simba reEmpiricism yaLocke
Pfungwa dzaLocke dzaive nesimba guru muminda yakasiyana-siyana:
1. Sainzi yemazuva ano
Kusimbiswa kweruzivo nekucherechedza kunoenderana nenzira yesainzi. Locke akabatsira kusimbisa maonero ekuti ruzivo rwakavimbika runofanira kutsamira pauchapupu.
2. Dzidzo
Kana pfungwa dziri tabula rasa, saka dzidzo inokosha. Nzvimbo, tsika, uye ruzivo rwekudzidza zvinoita basa guru mukuumba hunhu hwemunhu nepfungwa dzake.
3. Pfungwa dzepfungwa nedzidziso yekudzidza
Pfungwa dzaLocke pamusoro pekuumbwa kwepfungwa kuburikidza neruzivo rwakafemerwa dzidziso yekubatana uye pfungwa yekuti maitiro nekufunga zvinogona kuumbwa neruzivo.
4. Uzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika nerusununguko
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yezvepfungwa ichinyanya kutaura nezve epistemology, Locke anozivikanwawo nemafungiro ake pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu nehurumende zvichibva pakubvumirana kwevanhu. Pane chinhu chimwe chete chakafanana: kana vanhu vachivaka kunzwisisa kuburikidza neruzivo, simba rezvematongerwo enyika rinofanirawo kuyedzwa nehupenyu hwevanhu uye zvido zvevanhu, kwete kungotaura nezvetsika chete.
Kutsoropodzwa kwaLocke
Pasinei nepesvedzero yayo, hunyanzvi hwaLocke hwekuongorora zvinhu hwakatsoropodzwawo. Vamwe vafungi vanoti Locke haana kurerutsa basa remaumbirwo emuviri mupfungwa. Kufambira mberi kwemazuva ano, semuenzaniso, mumitauro nesainzi yekuziva, kunoratidza kuti vanhu vane mamwe masimba emuviri ekudzidza mutauro kana kuziva mapatani. Vazivi vakaita saGeorge Berkeley naDavid Hume—vanewo hunyanzvi hwekuongorora zvinhu—vakavandudza hunyanzvi hwekuongorora zvinhu uye vakaratidza mhedzisiro yahwo yakakura, vachitobvunza nezvezvinhu zviri mukati uye chokwadi chechikonzero.
Zvisinei, kushoropodza uku hakuna kuderedza kukosha kwaLocke. Kutaura zvazviri, nharo idzi dzakaita kuti pave nekufambira mberi kwakapinza muuzivi hwemazuva ano, kunyanya mukuongorora hukama huripo pakati pezvakaitika, pfungwa, uye chokwadi.
Penutup
John Locke akaisa ruzivo pakutanga kweruzivo rwevanhu. Nekuramba pfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo uye kupa pfungwa yetabula rasa, akapa hurongwa hwakasimba hwekunzwisisa kuti pfungwa dzinoumbwa sei: kubva pamanzwiro nekufungisisa, kubva papfungwa dziri nyore kusvika dzakaoma, uye kubva pakutarisa nyika nguva dzose. Musiyano wake pakati pehunhu hwekutanga nehwechipiri unoratidza kuverenga kwaLocke nekungwarira ruzivo rwevanhu. Nhaka yekufunga kwake inonzwika nhasi, mune zvese sainzi, dzidzo, uye kuti tinonzwisisa sei miganhu yeruzivo. Kufungidzira kwaLocke kunotiyeuchidza kuti kuti tinzwisise nyika, tinofanira kudzokera kune ruzivo—asi zvakare kuramba tichiziva kuti ruzivo rune miganhu inofanira kubvumwa.
