Uzivi hweMadokero vs Uzivi hweMabvazuva
Kukurukurirana nezveuzivi hweMadokero neKumabvazuva kunowanzotanga nepfungwa yekuti "zvakapesana": Kumadokero kunoonekwa sekwakanaka, kunoongorora, uye kunosimbisa pfungwa; nepo Kumabvazuva kuchionekwa sekwakajeka, kwemweya, uye kunosimbisa kugarisana. Zvisinei, kupatsanurwa uku kunongova kungoongorora kwakafara kunobatsira vanotanga kunzwisisa maitiro akajairika. Muchokwadi, tsika yega yega yakasiyana-siyana, inokanganisa mumwe nemumwe, uye inotsvaga kupindura mibvunzo inokosha: chii chiri chokwadi, vanhu vanofanira kurarama sei, uye tinoziva sei chimwe chinhu?
Midzi yenhoroondo nemamiriro etsika
Mukutaura kwakadzama, uzivi hwekuMadokero hwakadzika midzi mutsika dzekare dzechiGiriki—mazita akadai saSocrates, Plato, naAristotle—ayo akazokura kuburikidza neuzivi hweRoma, pfungwa dzechiKristu dzepakati nepakati, Renaissance, Enlightenment, uye uzivi hwemazuva ano nehwemazuva ano. Tsika dzekuMadokero dzakakanganiswa zvikuru nekukura kwesainzi, mayunivhesiti, uye gakava rezvechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika muEurope.
Panguva iyi, uzivi hwekuMabvazuva hunoreva pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana kubva kuIndia, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza. MuIndia, tsika dzeVedic, maUpanishad, maBuddhism, maJainism, nezvikoro zvakaita seSamkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, neVedanta zvakatanga. MuChina, Confucianism, Taoism, uye gare gare maChinese Buddhism zvakaumba hwaro hwenzira dzekufunga nezvetsika, hutongi, uye cosmology. Mamiriro ekuMabvazuva anowanzo batanidzwa zvakanyanya netsika yehupenyu: tsika yemweya, tsika, chirango chetsika, uye kubatana kwevanhu.
Chinangwa chemubvunzo uyu: "chokwadi" vs "uchenjeri hwehupenyu"?
Musiyano unowanzo kurukurwa ndewekuti nzira yekutarisana nematambudziko ndeipi. Tsika dzekuMadokero dzinowanzo ratidzwa sedzinosimbisa kutsvaga chokwadi kuburikidza nenharo: tsananguro dzakajeka, humbowo, pfungwa dzakarongeka, uye gakava. Kubva kuna Plato kusvika kuhuzivi hwemazuva ano hwekuongorora, kwave netsika yekuedza zvakarongeka chirevo: chinowirirana here, ndechechokwadi here, uye hwaro hwacho ndehwei?
Mutsika zhinji dzekuMabvazuva, mibvunzo mikuru inowanzo tenderera pakusunungurwa kubva mukutambura, kugarisana nezvisikwa, kana kukura kwehunhu. Semuenzaniso, chiBuddha chinosimbisa kunzwisisa dukkha (kutambura) uye nzira yekusunungurwa kuburikidza nekuita. ChiTao chinosimbisa "nzira" (Dao) uye nzira yekurarama mukuwirirana nezvisikwa. ChiConfucian chinotarisa pakurima hunhu hwakanaka uye kurongeka kwakanaka munharaunda. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti kuMabvazuva "hakuna musoro" kana kuti kuMadokero "hakuna hanya nehupenyu hwemukati." Mabasa mazhinji ekuMabvazuva ane pfungwa dzakasimba (semuenzaniso, Nyaya muIndia), uye vazivi vazhinji vekuMadokero vanotaurawo nezvehupenyu hwakanaka (semuenzaniso, Aristotle netsika dzakanaka kana kuti Stoicism nekusimbisa kwayo rugare rwemukati).
Nzira: ongororo yepfungwa vs. tsika yekuzvishandura
Mutsika dzekuMadokero, uzivi hunowanzo tora chimiro chekunyora nharo, hurukuro dzedzidzo, uye kukura kwepfungwa. Pfungwa dzinogadzirwa sepfungwa dzinogona kurambwa kana kudzivirirwa. Saka, kugona kukakavara nekujekesa mazwi kwakakosha.
KuMabvazuva, nzira dzehuzivi dzinowanzobatanidzwa netsika: kufungisisa, kuranga tsika, kudzidziswa kufunga, tsika, kana maitiro evanhu. Ruzivo runonzwisiswa kwete se "rwechokwadi chete," asiwo sechinhu chinoshandura nyaya yekuziva. MuZen, semuenzaniso, dzimwe dzidziso dzakagadzirirwa kupfuura nzira dzakajairika dzekufunga, pane kungowedzera dzidziso.
Zvisinei, kupatsanurwa uku kwenzira hakusi kwakakwana. Tsika dzekuMadokero dzine nhaka yemweya uye inoshanda—yakadai sekufungisisa muNeoplatonism kana tsika dzehupenyu hweStoic. Panguva imwe chete, tsika dzekuMabvazuva dzinewo nharo dzadzo dzakapinza dzepfungwa, dzakadai sehurukuro yeMadhyamaka pamusoro pekusava nechinhu (śūnyatā) uye (muIndia) tsika yekufunga kwakarongeka.
Maonero pamusoro pangu uye nyika
Musiyano unowanzotaurwa ndewekuti "Ini" anoonekwa sei. Mupfungwa dzakawanda dzekuMadokero, kunyanya kubva kuna Descartes, munhu wacho anofungidzirwa semunhu anozvitonga—"Ini" senzvimbo yakasiyana yekuziva inokwanisa kusava nechokwadi nezvese kuitira kuti iwane chokwadi. Izvi zvakakanganisa pfungwa dzemazuva ano dzekodzero dzemunhu, rusununguko, uye hunhu hwake.
Mune dzimwe tsika dzekuMabvazuva, "munhu" anowanzonzwisiswa zvakanyanya muhukama kana kutonetsa. Semuenzaniso, chiBuddha chinopikisa pfungwa yekuti "munhu akazvimirira" kuburikidza nepfungwa yekuti anatta (asina munhu). ChiConfucianism chinoisa vanhu mukati mewebhu yehukama hwemhuri nemagariro evanhu, zvichibvumira kuti munhu azivikanwe kuburikidza nemabasa nemabasa. ChiTaoism chinosimbisa kuchinjika uye kuchinjika kwekuzivikanwa, zvichikurudzira munhu "kufamba" nemaitiro echisikigo.
Zvisinei, haasi mafungiro ese ekuMabvazuva anoramba "munhu" (semuenzaniso, mamwe zvikoro zvechiHindu zvinosimbisa Atman), uye haasi mafungiro ese ekuMabvazuva anokudza ego (semuenzaniso, Hume haafungi nezvehunhu hwemunhu, nepo fenomenology ichiongorora pfungwa sechiitiko chisiri nyore se "I yakaparadzana").
Tsika nechinangwa chehupenyu: hunhu hwakanaka, rusununguko, uye kugarisana
Mutsika dzekuMadokero, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana: tsika dzaAristotle dzakanaka, deontology yaKant inosimbisa mutoro wetsika, utilitarianism inoongorora mhedzisiro, uye tsika dzemazuva ano dzeruramisiro nekodzero dzevanhu. Nhaurirano zhinji dzetsika dzekuMadokero dzinotarisa pamisimboti yepasi rose: ndeipi mitemo inoshanda kuvanhu vese?
Tsika dzekuMabvazuva dzinowanzo simbisa kuvaka hunhu nekubatana. ChiConfucian chinosimbisa ren (hunhu) uye li (tsika/tsika) senzira dzekusimudzira nzanga yakanaka. ChiBuddha chinosimbisa tsitsi neuchenjeri, kwete se "mabasa" chete asi sehunhu hwemukati hunokudziridzwa. ChiHindu nechiJain chinosimbisa ahimsa (kusaita chisimba) senheyo yakafara yetsika.
Musiyano uripo pakurongeka: Madokero anowanzo bvunza kuti “chii chinonzi kururama mutsika?” nepo Madokero achiwanzo bvunza kuti “ungaita sei kuti uve munhu akakura usingakonzeri kutambura?” Ehe, zviviri izvi zvinogona kuenderana: pfungwa yehunhu hwakanaka yakasimbawo kuMadokero, uye nheyo dzetsika dzepasi rose dzinowanikwawo kuMabvazuva.
Sainzi, metaphysics, uye nzira dzekuziva
Uzivi hwemazuva ano hwekuMadokero hwakatanga pamwe chete nesainzi, saka epistemology (dzidziso yeruzivo) inonyanya kutarisisa kururamisa, humbowo, nzira yesainzi, uye kusava nechokwadi. Kujekeswa kwakasimbisa kunzwisisa uye tsananguro yezvikonzero. Muzana remakore rechi20, uzivi hwemutauro nepfungwa hwakapa maturusi ekuongorora zvakanyatsonaka zvinotaurwa.
KuMabvazuva, nzira dzekuziva dzinowanzo sanganisira pfungwa dzemukati: kunzwa, ruzivo rwakananga, uye kuziva senzvimbo yekubvunza. Semuenzaniso, tsika dzekufungisisa hadzisi kungodzidzira kuzorora chete, asi nzira dzekuona pfungwa nechokwadi. Zvisinei, tsika dzekuMabvazuva dzinozivawo kupatsanurwa kwakasimba kwezvinobva ruzivo (pramana), kunyanya muuzivi hweIndia.
Nzvimbo yekusangana uye pesvedzero yekubatana
Munguva yepasi rose, miganhu iri pakati pe "Madokero neMabvazuva" iri kuramba ichichinja-chinja. Maitiro ekufungisisa echiBuddha anokanganisa pfungwa dzemazuva ano, nepo nzira dzekufunga nekuongorora dzekumadokero dzichishandiswa kuverenga magwaro ekuMabvazuva nedzidzo. Vafungi vazhinji vemazuva ano vanoedza kusanganisa zviviri izvi: nharo dzakasimba uye kudzika kwekushanduka-shanduka kwemunhu. Kunyangwe nyaya dzemazuva ano - dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza, kusarongeka kwevanhu, kuparadzaniswa kwedhijitari - dzinoda uchenjeri mutsika dzakasiyana.
Kusangana uku kunotiyeuchidza kuti "Madokero" ne "Mabvazuva" hazvisi zvinhu zviviri zvakavharwa, asi mhuri mbiri huru dzine nzira dzakaoma dzekubvunza mibvunzo. Kugamuchira zvakanakisisa zvezvose zvinoreva kuva neushingi hwekutsoropodza, kuvhura, uye kuzvininipisa: kudzidza kukakavadzana zvakajeka ukuwo panguva imwe chete uchidzidza kurarama nepfungwa dzako.
Penutup
Uzivi hweMadokero neKumabvazuva hunosiyana mutsika dzavo dzekare, nzira, uye zvinosimbiswa: Kumadokero kunowanzova kwakasimba mukuongorora pfungwa nepfungwa dzepamutemo, nepo Kumadokero kunowanzova kwakasimba mukubatanidza pfungwa nemaitiro. Zvisinei, hapana anogona kuderedzwa kuita mafungiro asina musoro. Ose anopa maturusi ekunzwisisa chokwadi, kuumba hunhu, uye kuvaka nzanga iri nani. Pakupedzisira, mubvunzo hausi wekuti "chii chiri nani," asi kuti tinokurukura sei, tinodzidza, uye tinoshandisa sei huchenjeri hwese kugadzirisa matambudziko ehupenyu hwevanhu nhasi.
