Charles Sanders Peirce uye Pragmatism
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) aive muzivi wekuAmerica, nyanzvi yekufunga, uye musayendisiti aiwanzoonekwa semutangi wepfungwa dzekushanda, pamwe chete naWilliam James naJohn Dewey. Pragmatism chikoro cheuzivi chinosimbisa kushandiswa kwechokwadi nemigumisiro senzira yekuziva chokwadi nezvinorehwa. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora pfungwa huru dzekushanda, mipiro yaPeirce mukusimudzira chikoro ichi, uye simba rayo pakufunga kwemazuva ano.
Mavambo ePragmatism
Pragmatism yakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 muUnited States semhinduro kune pfungwa dzechinyakare uye rationalism, iyo yaisimbisa pfungwa dzedzidziso nepfungwa dzekufungidzira dzeruzivo. Pragmatism, kune rumwe rutivi, inotarisa pa "basa," kana kuti zvinoshanda uye zvinoshanda kune zvinoitika zvezuva nezuva. Charles Sanders Peirce aive piyona anotungamira muboka iri, achipa mipiro yakakosha nebasa rake mu logic, semiotics (kudzidza zviratidzo), uye epistemology (kudzidza ruzivo).
Pfungwa dzaPeirce neMitemo yePragmatism
Peirce akagadzira dzidziso ye pragmatism zvichibva papfungwa yekuti zvinoreva pfungwa zvinotemerwa nemhedzisiro inoshanda, inobatika inogona kuonekwa semhedzisiro yepfungwa iyoyo. Kwaari, zvinoreva pfungwa hazviparadzanisike nemigumisiro inoshanda inogona kumuka nekugamuchira pfungwa iyoyo mukuita. Nheyo iyi inozivikanwa se "pragmatic maxim," iyo inogona kupfupikiswa seizvi: kuti unzwisise zvinorehwa nepfungwa, funga nezvemigumisiro inoshanda inogona kuunza.
Mubhuku rake rakakurumbira, rinonzi “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (1878), Peirce akanyora kuti: “Funga nezvemigumisiro inoshanda yatinogona kufunga nezvayo seinobva muzvinhu zvatinofunga; tsika iyi inopa zvinoreva zvese zvechinhu chacho.” Nemamwe mashoko, kana tisingakwanise kubatanidza pfungwa kana pfungwa nezviito chaizvo, pfungwa yacho inorasikirwa nerevo yayo inoshanda uye kukosha kwayo.
Epistemology inoshanda
Peirce akasimbisawo basa rekuferefeta kwesainzi mukuvandudza ruzivo rwakakosha uye runobatsira. Mubhuku rake rezvepfungwa, akataura kuti kutenda chiito chinoitika nguva dzose, uye kuti maitiro ekuferefeta ane chinangwa chekubvisa kusava nechokwadi kunovhiringidza, nokudaro achizadzisa mamiriro ekutenda akajeka. Akaona maitiro esainzi sekuedza kusingadzoreki kunatsa zvitendero kuburikidza nenzira dzakarongeka, dzakavakirwa pauchapupu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwekuyedza, kutarisa, uye pfungwa dzinobva pakuongorora kuti zvisvike pamhedziso dzinogona kuyedzwa uye dzinodzokororwa.
Peirce akawedzerawo pfungwa dzekupinza nekubvisa nekuwedzera chinhu chechitatu chaakadana kuti "kubviswa," kana kuti fungidziro yakanakisisa. Kubviswa inzira yatinoshandisa kugadzira fungidziro yekutanga yekutsanangura zviitiko zvakaonekwa nenzira iri nyore uye inogoneka. Iyi fungidziro inozoedzwa uye inosimbiswa kuburikidza nekuenderera mberi nekuyedza nekucherechedza.
Semiotics uye Uzivi hweZviratidzo
Kuwedzera pabasa rake pamusoro pekushanda kwechinhu uye ruzivo rwepfungwa, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapihwa naPeirce chaive muchikamu che semiotics, kana dzidziso yezviratidzo. Akagadzira hurongwa hwekuisa zviratidzo muzvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: chiratidzo, indekisi, uye chiratidzo. Sekureva kwaPeirce:
1. Chiratidzo chiratidzo chakafanana nechinhu chachinomiririra (semuenzaniso, chiratidzo chemufananidzo).
2. Chiratidzo chiratidzo chine hukama hwechikonzero kana hwepanyama nechinhu chacho (semuenzaniso, utsi sechiratidzo chemoto).
3. Chiratidzo chiratidzo chine hukama nechinhu chacho nenzira yechinyakare uye chinotemerwa nemitemo kana tsika (semuenzaniso, mazwi mumutauro).
Inopa hwaro hwakakosha hwekudzidza zvakawanda mune zvesainzi yekutaurirana, mitauro, uye uzivi hwemutauro. Zvidzidzo zvePeirce zvinosimbisa kuti vanhu vanonzwisisa uye vanodudzira sei nyika kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakaoma uye hwakasiyana-siyana hwezviratidzo.
Mhedzisiro yaPeirce uye Nhaka
Mipiro yaPeirce mukushanda kwepfungwa nepfungwa yakanga yakakosha zvikuru. Kunyangwe zvakawanda zvebasa rake zvakaburitswa zviri zvega uye zvakazozivikanwa mushure mekufa kwake, pfungwa dzake dzichiri kushanda nanhasi. Simba rake rinozivikanwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira uzivi, mitauro, kutaurirana, uye sainzi yemakombiyuta.
Kushanda kwaPeirce kwakapesvedzerawo vazivi vemazuva ano vakaita saRichard Rorty, Hilary Putnam, naRobert Brandom. Kushanda kwaPeirce kune zvakunoreva pakufunga kwedu nezveruzivo, nzira yesainzi, uye maitiro ezuva nezuva, pamwe nekutarisa kwatinoita matambudziko nenzira inoshanda uye yakavakirwa pauchapupu.
Penutup
Charles Sanders Peirce pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevanofunga zvikuru mutsika dzehuzivi dzekuAmerica. Nekugadzira misimboti yekushanda, Peirce akagadzira nzira yekuona hukama huripo pakati pedzidziso nemaitiro, pakati pekufunga nezviito. Kuburikidza nebasa rake muzvidzidzo zve semiotics ne pragmatic epistemology, Peirce akabatsira kuumba chidzidzo chemazuva ano chinoramba chichipesvedzera nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeruzivo. Nhaka yepfungwa yaPeirce iuchapupu hwekukosha kwekufunga nezvekushandiswa kunoshanda uye mhedzisiro chaiyo yepfungwa dzedu, musimboti unoramba wakakosha munyika yanhasi iri kuchinja uye yakaoma.
