Kuongororwa kweUzivi hwaLudwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba zvikuru vezana remakore rechi20. Mabasa ake haana kungoumba hwaro hwemitauro nepfungwa dzekuongorora chete, asiwo akachinja mafungiro edu nezvemutauro, zvinoreva, uye chokwadi. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora pfungwa dzaWittgenstein, chichitarisa nguva mbiri huru mubasa rake: nguva yekutanga, inowanzobatanidzwa neTractatus Logico-Philosophicus yake, uye nguva yakatevera, yakatarisana neFilosophical Investigations yake.
Mavambo uye Hupenyu
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein akaberekwa musi wa26 Kubvumbi, 1889, muVienna, Austria. Mhuri yake yaive yakapfuma uye yakadzidza zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti Wittgenstein awane dzidzo yepamusoro. Akadzidza zveinjiniya yemakanika asati aenderera mberi nekudzidza zveuzivi kuCambridge achitungamirirwa naBertrand Russell. Russell naFrege vakapesvedzera Wittgenstein zvikuru, kunyanya mukuumba mafungiro ake mumakore ake ekutanga.
Wittgenstein akanyora Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus paaishanda muchiuto panguva yeHondo Yenyika I, iyo yakaburitswa muna 1921. Mushure mehondo, akapedza nguva ari mudzidzisi wechikoro muAustria uye semumongi asati adzokera kuCambridge kunodzidzisa nekuenderera mberi nebasa rake, iro rakazoguma rabuda muPhilosophical Investigations, rakaburitswa mushure mekufa muna 1953.
Nguva Yokutanga: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Nzvimbo huru
Tractatus ndiyo nzira yaWittgenstein yekuedza kugadzirisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzehuzivi kuburikidza nekuongorora mutauro zvine musoro. Mariri, anotaura kuti nyika ine chokwadi, kwete zvinhu. Chokwadi mamiriro ezvinhu kana mamiriro anoratidza marongerwo ezvinhu. Pfungwa iyi inozivikanwa se "mufananidzo wedzidziso yezvinoreva."
Mazano uye Pfungwa
Sekureva kwaWittgenstein, chirevo chiratidzo chinonzwisisika chechokwadi. Chimiro chechirevo chinoratidza chimiro chenyika, uko zvinhu zvemutauro zvine chekuita nezvinhu. Nokudaro, mutauro unoshanda sechiratidzo chechokwadi. Pfungwa iyi inoratidzwa zvakanyanya mumashoko aWittgenstein anozivikanwa pakupera kweTractatus: "Zvinogona kutaurwa, zvinogona kutaurwa zvakajeka; uye kana munhu asingakwanise kutaura, anofanira kuramba akanyarara."
Kukosha uye Kutsoropodzwa
Pfungwa iyi inotaura kuti zvirevo zvakawanda zvechinyakare zveuzivi hazvina zvazvinoreva nekuti hazvienderane nechimiro chenyika chine musoro. Wittgenstein akataura kuti matambudziko mazhinji euzivi anokonzerwa nekusanzwisisa mutauro. Kutsoropodzwa kweTractatus kwaisanganisira maonero ekuti uzivi pachahwo hwaisazokwanisika kana matambudziko ese euzivi aine chekuita nepfungwa dzemutauro, uye izvi zvakaita kuti Wittgenstein afungisise zvakakonzera shanduko huru mukufunga kwake.
Nguva Yakazotevera: Kuferefeta kweUzivi
Kuchinja kweParadigm
Nguva yakati mushure mekuburitswa kweTractatus, Wittgenstein akatanga kusava nechokwadi nedzimwe pfungwa huru dzaakanga ambotaura. MuPhilosophical Investigations, akachinja maonero ake zvakanyanya, achitora nzira inoshanda uye iri nyore yekutaura mutauro.
Mitambo yeMitauro (Mitambo yeMitauro)
Imwe yepfungwa huru dzebasa iri i "mitambo yemitauro." Izwi iri rinoreva chokwadi chekuti kushandiswa kwemutauro kunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye kunosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, zvinangwa zvekutaurirana, uye tsika dzemagariro evanhu. Mutauro hauchaonekwi senhevedzano yezvirevo zvinofanirwa kuratidza chokwadi, asi sechishandiso chiri chikamu chebasa revanhu.
Mitemo neHupenyu
Wittgenstein akasimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa mitemo yemitambo yemitauro uye mashandisirwo ayo. Akataura kuti mutauro "rudzi rwehupenyu," zvichireva kuti zvinoreva mazwi nemitsara zvinotemerwa nemamiriro emagariro evanhu anoshandiswa. Kujeka kwemutauro hakusisiri nyaya yekufunga, asi yekushandiswa uye kunzwisiswa kwemashoko mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
Tsvagiridzo yeUzivi
Imwe dingindira rakakosha muPhilosophical Investigations ndeyekupikisa zvinhu zvinokosha. Wittgenstein anorwisa maonero echinyakare pamusoro pepfungwa dzepfungwa dzepfungwa, dzakadai sekuti "zvinoreva," "pfungwa," kana "kuda." Anoti tinofanira kudzivisa kutsvaga pfungwa dzakavanzika dzepfungwa idzi tobva tatarisa kuti dzinoshandiswa sei chaizvo mumabasa ezuva nezuva.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Pesvedzero
Kutsoropodzwa kwaWittgenstein kwakazotevera kunowanzoratidza manzwiro ekuti uzivi hwake hunogona kutungamira kuhukama hwemitauro kana kurasikirwa nenzira inotonga yechokwadi. Zvisinei, pesvedzero yePhilosophical Investigations hairambiki, kunyanya mumitauro, anthropology, uye social sciences. Kuongorora kwaWittgenstein kwakapawo hwaro hwakasimba hwemafambiro epfungwa ekuongorora uye ekuongorora mushure mekuongorora.
Mipiro uye Nhaka
Pfungwa dzaWittgenstein dzakava nemigumisiro yakakura, dzichipesvedzera zvidzidzo zvinopfuura uzivi, zvakaita sedzidzo yemitauro, anthropology, psychology, uye zvidzidzo zvetsika. Maitiro ake akadzama uye akajeka ekuongorora mutauro akabatsira kuvhura pfungwa itsva pamusoro pekuti tinonzwisisa sei kutaurirana, zvinoreva, uye kutaurirana kwevanhu.
Kutsoropodza kwaWittgenstein uzivi hwechinyakare uye nzira yake yekufunga, iyo yainyatsotsanangura kupfuura yepamutemo, zvakaitawo kuti pave nekufambira mberi munzira dzekutsvagisa uzivi. Basa rake rinodzidzisa maonero ekutsoropodza pamusoro pepfungwa huru mukunzwisisa pfungwa huru, zvichitikurudzira kuti tifungezve nezvehwaro hunowanzo torwa sehusina basa.
Mhedziso
Ludwig Wittgenstein achiri munhu mukuru muuzivi hwemazuva ano, ane nguva mbiri dzakasiyana asi dzine simba rakaenzana mubasa rake. Kubva pakuongorora zvine musoro muTractatus Logico-Philosophicus kusvika pakushandisa mutauro wezviri kuitika muPhilosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein anopa ruzivo rwakadzama mumutauro nezvaanoreva. Unyanzvi hwake hwekuongorora uye ushingi hwepfungwa zvinomuita munhu acharamba achidzidzwa uye achifungwa nezvake, zvichigadzira nzira yezvikoro zvitsva zvepfungwa nepfungwa muuzivi nedzimwe nzvimbo.
