Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweFarmacy yeChipatara
Mishonga yemuchipatara inzvimbo yakakosha yehurongwa hwemazuva ano hwehutano. Basa rayo rinopfuura kugadzirira nekuparadzira mishonga kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mishonga inoshandiswa zvakachengeteka, zvinobudirira, uye zvine musoro kuvarwere. Nekufambira mberi mune zvesainzi yezvekurapa, tekinoroji, uye mitemo yehutano, mishonga yemuchipatara yachinja zvakanyanya: kubva pabasa rakatarisana nekuwedzera mishonga kuenda kuhutano hwekiriniki hwakabatanidzwa muchikwata chekutarisira varwere. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kukura kwenhoroondo yemishonga yemuchipatara kubva pamazuva ayo ekutanga kusvika kunguva yemazuva ano yekutarisira mishonga.
Kutanga: Midzi yeFarmacy muNzvimbo Yehutano
Nhoroondo ye pharmacy yezvipatara haisiyaniswi nenhoroondo yezvipatara pachazvo. Munguva dzekare nedzepakati, nzvimbo dzairapwa varwere dzaiwanzobatanidzwa nemasangano echitendero, akadai semamonasteri, matemberi, kana nzvimbo dzekurapa varwere vanorwara zvikuru. Mishonga panguva iyoyo yainyanya kushandiswa mumishonga yakapfava yemishonga, zvicherwa, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa. Vanhu vaitarisira kugadzira mishonga iyi vaiwanzova varapi, mamongi, kana vanamukoti; basa re pharmacist sezvatinoriziva nhasi rakanga risati ravapo.
Munyika yeIslam yekare, pfungwa yechipatara (bimaristan) yakatanga, ichipa sisitimu yebasa yakarongeka. Mukati memasangano aya, kupatsanurwa kwemabasa kwakatanga kubuda—kusanganisira nzvimbo dzakatsaurirwa dzekuchengetera nekugadzirira mishonga. Sainzi yemishonga yakafambira mberi nekukurumidza kuburikidza nebasa revasayendisiti vakaita saAl-Razi naIbn Sina, avo vakasimbisa hwaro hwekugadzira nekushandisa mishonga. Kunyange zvazvo yakanga isati yafanana zvizere ne pharmacy yechipatara chemazuva ano, nguva iyi yakaratidza danho rakakosha: mishonga yakatanga kubatwa sechikamu chebasa rinoda ruzivo rwakakosha uye sisitimu yekutarisira.
Europe uye Kuumbwa Kwebasa: Kubva kuMufemesi Kuenda kuMufemesi weChipatara
Vachipinda muRenaissance uye munguva yemazuva ano muEurope, basa remufemisi rakatanga kuva nemiganhu yakajeka kupfuura yechiremba. Mafemisi akabudirira mumaguta makuru, uye mishonga yaigadzirwa uye yakawedzerwa nevafemisi. Muzvipatara, kugadzirira mishonga kwaiwanzoitwa mu "dispensary" yakapfava, kana kuti mukamuri remishonga. Sezvo nhamba dzevarwere uye kuoma kwekurapa kwakawedzera, zvipatara zvakatanga kuda mayuniti akasarudzika ane basa rekupa mishonga uye mhando.
Munguva iyi, pharmacy yezvipatara yakaramba yakatarisana nezvigadzirwa zvakanyanya. Chinangwa chikuru chaive chekuona kuti mishonga inowanikwa, kupihwa zvichienderana nemirairo, uye kuchengetwa kwakasimba. Maitiro ehutsanana, nzira dzekupa mishonga, uye magwaro akatanga kufungwa nezvawo, kunyange zvazvo asina kuoma sezvaari kuita iye zvino. Kuvapo kwepharmacy sechikamu chechipatara zvishoma nezvishoma kwakava chinhu chakakosha, sezvo zvipatara zvaidiwa kuti zvipe mabasa anoenderana uye ane mutoro.
Shanduko yeSainzi neMaindasitiri: Mishonga Yemazuva Ano Yakachinja Basa reMishonga
Shanduko huru dzakaitika muzana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 apo chemistry, microbiology, uye pharmacology zvakafambira mberi. Kuwanikwa kwemishonga inorwadzisa, mishonga inouraya utachiona, uye mishonga inouraya utachiona yakazotevera kwakachinja maonero ekurapa. Panguva imwe chete, indasitiri yemishonga yakatanga kugadzira mishonga yakapedzwa (semuenzaniso, mapiritsi nemajekiseni) pamwero mukuru. Zvipatara zvakanga zvisisiri kungovimba nekugadzira mishonga nemaoko chete asi zvaifanira kutarisira mhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga.
Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha sangano remishonga yemuchipatara. Maitiro ekutenga, kuchengetedza, kugovera, uye kudzora mhando yemishonga anowedzera kuoma. Vatengesi vemishonga muzvipatara vanotangawo kutora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana—runyorwa rwemishonga iripo uye inotenderwa—kudzora mhando yemishonga yekurapa nemitengo. Panguva ino, mishonga yemuchipatara inoramba yakatarisana zvakanyanya nehurongwa hwezvinhu zvekufambisa uye manejimendi yezvigadzirwa, asi hwaro hwebasa rekurapa huri kuiswa kuburikidza nekudiwa kwekusarudza mishonga zvine musoro.
Kutangwa kweKliniki Pharmacy: Kuchinja kubva paChigadzirwa kuenda paMurwere
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 pakava nechiitiko chakakosha nekubuda kwepfungwa yekiriniki yemishonga. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya muUnited States uye dzakazopararira kune dzimwe nyika, varapi vemishonga vakatanga kubatanidzwa zvakananga mumapoka ekurapa. Havana kungogadzira mishonga chete asiwo vakabatsira kuona kuti kurapwa nemishonga kwaisangana nezvinodiwa nevarwere, kuderedza migumisiro yakaipa, uye kudzivirira kusangana kwemishonga.
Mishonga yekiriniki yakabuda nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekuoma kwekurapa: varwere vari muchipatara vanowanzo gamuchira mishonga yakawanda panguva imwe chete, vane zvimwe zvirwere, matambudziko eitsvo kana chiropa, uye vari panjodzi huru yekusangana nemigumisiro yakaipa. Vatengesi vemishonga vakava zambuko pakati peruzivo rwemishonga nezvinodiwa nevarwere mukiriniki. Maitiro akadai sekuongorora mishonga, kutarisa kurapwa, kupa mazano kuvarwere, uye kudzidziswa kwevanopa hutano akatanga kukura. Kuchinja uku kwakachinja kuzivikanwa kwemishonga yechipatara: kubva pa "kamuri remishonga" kuenda kubasa rehunyanzvi rakanangana nekuchengetedzeka kwevarwere.
Nguva Yekuchengetedzwa Kwevarwere Uye Kutarisirwa Kwemhando Yepamusoro
Pakasvika kupera kwezana remakore rechi20 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, kuchengetedzeka kwevarwere kwakava chinhu chinonetsa pasi rose. Kukanganisa pamishonga kwave kuonekwa sekune migumisiro yakaipa, kunyange kutouraya. Mishonga yemuchipatara yakawedzera basa rayo mukudzivirira zvikanganiso, kubva pakusimbiswa kwemishonga inorayirwa nachiremba uye kunyora mazita emishonga ine njodzi huru kusvika pakuenzanisa huwandu hwemishonga inobayiwa.
Varapi vemishonga muzvipatara vanogadzirawo masisitimu ekuzivisa nezvemigumisiro yakaipa nemishonga uye vanotora chikamu muzvirongwa zvekurapa mishonga. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwesisitimu yemhando yepamusoro inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvepamutemo kunokurudzira mayunitsi emishonga kuti aise maitiro akajairwa ekushanda, kuongororwa kwemukati, uye kudzidziswa nguva dzose. Muzvipatara zvakawanda, varapi vemishonga vanobatanidzwa muMakomiti eMishonga neTherapeutics, ayo anotonga kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, mitemo yefomulary, uye kuongororwa kwemishonga mitsva.
Matekinoroji eDhijitari: Kuzvigadzira otomatiki, Masisitimu eRuzivo, uye Kunyora Zvinyorwa paE-Prescribing
Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hweruzivo kuri kukurumidzisa shanduko ye pharmacy yemuzvipatara. Masisitimu ekunyora mishonga yemagetsi (e-prescribing), zvinyorwa zvekurapa zvemagetsi, uye masisitimu ekutsigira sarudzo dzekiriniki anobatsira kuderedza zvikanganiso zvekunyora uye anopa yambiro nezvekudyidzana kwemishonga, allergies, kana kuti madosi asina kukodzera.
Panyaya yekugovera mishonga, zvipatara zvakawanda zviri kushandisa otomatiki zvakaita sekupa mishonga muzvikamu, makabati ekupa mishonga otomatiki, uye mabarcodes kuti vaone kuti mishonga yacho yagadzirwa sei vasati vapa varwere mishonga. Iyi tekinoroji iri kuchinja maitiro aimboitwa nemaoko kuenda kune akajairika uye anoyerwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, varapi vemishonga vane nzvimbo yakawanda yekuita mabasa avo ekurapa, nepo hurongwa hwacho huchivimbisa kuti mishonga inoteverwa kubva mudura kuenda kumurwere.
Kufambira Mberi muIndonesia: Kubva paKutarisira Mishonga kusvika paMabasa eMishonga
MuIndonesia, pharmacy yezvipatara yashanduka zvichienderana nekukura kwenzvimbo dzehutano, dzidzo yepharmacy, uye mitemo yehurumende. Pakutanga, mabasa epharmacy ezvipatara ainyanya kutarisa pakutenga nekugovera mishonga. Nekufamba kwenguva, mitemo yebasa remishonga yakakurudzira vapharmacy vezvipatara kuti vashande kwete sevatariri vezvinhu chete asiwo sevashandi vehutano vachipa mabasa ekurapa.
Pfungwa yekutarisira mishonga inosimbisa basa revanyanzvi vemishonga mukupa mazano, kutarisa kurapa, uye kutarisirwa kwekukurudzira nekudzivirira kune chekuita nekushandiswa kwemishonga. Kubvumidzwa muchipatara kunodawo mitemo yakasimba yekutarisira mishonga, kusanganisira kutarisira mishonga yakanyatsochenjerera, mishonga inodhaka, uye mishonga yepfungwa, pamwe nekuongorora kushandiswa kwemishonga. Zvirongwa zvekudzora kusashanda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvine musoro (semuenzaniso, kutarisira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya) inzvimbo dzakakosha dzinosimbisa chinzvimbo chemishonga yechipatara mukati mechikwata chekiriniki.
Matambudziko uye Nzira dzeRamangwana
Pasinei nekukura kwayo nekukurumidza, pharmacy yezvipatara ichiri kutarisana nematambudziko: kushomeka kwevashandi, mutoro wakawanda wekutonga, mutsauko muzvipatara, uye kudiwa kwekuvandudza kugona kwekurapa nguva dzose. Kune rumwe rutivi, ramangwana rine mikana yakakura. Pharmacy yezvipatara iri kuramba ichitarisa masevhisi anotungamirirwa nedata, kutarisa kurapwa kwenguva chaiyo, pharmacogenomics (kurapa kwakavakirwa pamajini), uye kushandira pamwe kwakasimba pakati pevashandi.
Varapi vemishonga vanotarisirwawo kuita basa guru mukuchinja kwekurapwa (semuenzaniso, kubva pakuchengetwa kwevarwere vari muchipatara kuenda kune vasiri muchipatara), kuona kuti varwere vanonzwisisa mishonga yavo, uye kudzivirira kudzokera shure nekuda kwekushandisa mishonga zvisina kunaka. Nekuwedzera kwezvirwere zvisingaperi uye kukwegura kwevanhu, ma pharmacy emuzvipatara achawedzera kudiwa kuti agadzirise kurapa kwakachengeteka uye kunoshanda.
Mhedziso
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemishonga yezvipatara inoratidza rwendo rurefu kubva pakuita zvinhu zviri nyore muzvipatara zvechivanhu kusvika kumabasa ekurapa akatarisana nevarwere, kuchengetedzeka, uye mhando. Shanduko yesainzi, kuvandudzwa kwemishonga, kufamba kwemishonga yekiriniki, kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yekuchengetedza varwere, uye shanduko yedhijitari zvakaumba mishonga yemazuva ano yezvipatara. MuIndonesia nepasi rose, mishonga yezvipatara yava chinhu chakakosha mukuona kuti mishonga inoshandiswa zvakakodzera—haisi kungowanikwa chete, asi inopawo rubatsiro rwakanyanya kuvarwere vane njodzi shoma. Sezvo matambudziko nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji zvichimuka, mishonga yezvipatara icharamba ichichinja sechikamu chakakosha chemabasa ehutano emhando yepamusoro.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chive chedzidzo yepamusoro (nemabhuku ekuongorora), kana kugadzira shanduro inotarisa zvakanyanya pakuvandudzwa kwemishonga yezvipatara muIndonesia.
