Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweMagetsi Emagetsi
Magetsi ndeimwe yezvakawanikwa zvine simba guru munhoroondo yevanhu. Mabasa ese emazuva ano—kubva pamwenje nekutaurirana kusvika kumaindasitiri nehutano—anoenderana nekuwanikwa kwesimba remagetsi. Zvisinei, magetsi haana kuwanikwa zviri nyore semazuva ano. Kumashure kwekubatidza mwenje kana kuchaja nharembozha kune nhoroondo refu yekugadzira magetsi, zvichikonzerwa nezvakawanikwa nesainzi, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, zvinodiwa zvehupfumi, nematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora nhoroondo yekugadzira magetsi, kubva pamazuva ekutanga kusvika panguva yesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa.
Kutanga Kwekuwanikwa Kwemagetsi Nezvinhu Zvinokosha zveSainzi Yemagetsi
Nhoroondo yemagetsi inotanga nekucherechedza zviitiko zvechisikigo. Kubva kuGreece yekare, vanhu vaiziva nezvemagetsi asingachinji, sekunge kana amber yakakweshwa yakakwezva mwenje. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa kwesainzi kwakafambira mberi nekukurumidza muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18. Vanhu vakaita saWilliam Gilbert vakadzidza hunhu hwemagetsi nemagineti, nepo Benjamin Franklin anozivikanwa nekuyedza kwake kite, izvo zvakaratidza kuti mheni chiitiko chemagetsi.
Kufambira mberi kukuru kwakagadzira nzira yekugadzira magetsi kwaive kuwanikwa kwehukama huripo pakati pemagetsi nemagnetism. Muna 1831, Michael Faraday akawana musimboti we electromagnetic induction: simba remagineti rinoshanduka rinogona kugadzira magetsi. Musimboti uyu wakazova hwaro hwejenareta yemagetsi yemazuva ano. Panguva iyi, magetsi akanga asisiri kungori chiitiko cherabhoritari chete, asi rudzi rwesimba rinogona kugadzirwa pamwero mukuru.
Kubuda kweJenareta Yekutanga neChivako Chemagetsi
Mushure meFaraday, masayendisiti akasiyana-siyana nemainjiniya vakagadzira madhinamo nemajenareta. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwakatanga kushandiswa zvishoma, kunyanya pakugadzira magetsi. Mumwe wevakatanga kushandisa magetsi aive Thomas Alva Edison. Muna 1882, Edison akavaka fekitari inoshandisa simba remhepo paPearl Street, New York, iyo inowanzoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzekutengesa pasi rose. Bhizinesi iri raipa magetsi emagetsi akananga (DC) kuti abatidze marambi eincandescent munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.
Kunyange zvazvo yaichinja-chinja, sisitimu yeDC yaive nedambudziko guru: magetsi aisagona kufambiswa zvakanaka munzvimbo refu nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwesimba rakawanda. Kudzikira uku kwaive chimwe chezvikonzero zve "Hondo yeMazuva" pakati pevatsigiri vemagetsi akananga (DC) nemagetsi achinjana (AC).
Kutonga Kwemasimba Akasiyana-siyana Aripo Neazvino
Nikola Tesla naGeorge Westinghouse vakakurudzira sisitimu yekuchinja magetsi (AC) inoshanda zviri nani yekutumira magetsi kure nekuti magetsi ayo aigona kukwidzwa nekudzika uchishandisa ma transformer. Izvi zvakaita kuti AC ipedzisire yava ndiyo nzira huru yegrid yemagetsi pasi rose.
Chiitiko chakakosha chakaitika muna 1895 apo chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura paNiagara Falls chakatanga kushanda nekutumira magetsi kuBuffalo, New York. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti magetsi anogona kugadzirwa zvakanyanya uye kugoverwa kumaguta ari kure. Kubva ipapo, kuvakwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi uye network dzekutumira magetsi kwakawedzera nekukurumidza munyika dzakawanda.
Nguva Yezvirimwa Zvemagetsi Zvinoshandiswa Nemhepo Nemarasha
Mukati mezana remakore rechi20, kudiwa kwemagetsi kwakawedzera nekukura kwemaindasitiri. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinopisa zvakava chimiro chakajairika, zvichishandisa kupisa kunobva mumarasha anopisa kugadzira utsi hunoshandura maturbine. Marasha akasarudzwa nekuda kwekuwanda kwawo uye kudhura kwawo. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinopisa nemarasha zvakava musimboti wemagetsi muEurope, America, uye gare gare munyika dzakawanda dzichiri kusimukira.
Tekinoroji yeturbine yemhepo yakaramba ichivandudzwa, zvichiita kuti kushanda zvakanaka kuwedzere. Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, pfungwa yehurongwa hwemagetsi hwakabatana yakatanga kubuda. Kubatana pakati penzvimbo kwakaita kuti magetsi ave akasimba, kudzimwa kwemagetsi kwakaderera, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwezviteshi zvemagetsi kwakawedzera.
Kuvandudzwa kweMagetsi emvura neMadhamu Makuru
Kunze kwemarasha, simba remagetsi rinobva mumvura rave riri sosi yesimba rakakosha kubvira pakutanga kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa simba remvura (PLTA) zvinoshandisa simba remvura mumadhamu kana munzizi. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nyika dzakawanda dzakavaka madhamu makuru, akadai seHoover Dam muUnited States, rakapedzwa muna 1936 uye chiratidzo chekuvandudzwa.
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura zvine mukana wekuti hazvidi mafuta efossil uye kuburitsa kabhoni shoma. Zvisinei, kuvakwa kwemadhamu makuru kunowanzova nemigumisiro yemagariro evanhu uye yezvakatipoteredza, zvakaita sekutama kwevanhu, kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza munzizi, uye kudonha kwevhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, munhoroondo yesimba remagetsi, zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura zvichiri chinhu chitsva chakakosha pakupa magetsi makuru.
Kubuda Kwemafekitori Emagetsi Emafuta Negasi
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kushandiswa kwemafuta negasi kwakawedzera, kusanganisira kugadzira magetsi. Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mafuta zvaishandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti zvaive nyore kuvakwa uye zvaichinjika. Zvisinei, dambudziko remafuta rekuma1970 rakaita kuti nyika dzakawanda dzizive nezvenjodzi dzekuvimba nemafuta anotengwa kunze kwenyika. Kubva ipapo, gasi rechisikigo rave sarudzo yakakurumbira, richionekwa serakachena kupfuura marasha nemafuta, uye rinoshanda zvakanyanya, kunyanya kuburikidza netekinoroji yemagetsi akabatanidzwa (zvivakwa zvemagetsi negesi), zvinoshandisa kupisa kwakaraswa kugadzira magetsi ekuwedzera.
Nguva yeNyukireya: Tariro neGakava
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, simba renyukireya rakatanga kushandiswa sechiratidzo chekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Chiteshi chekutanga chesimba renyukireya cheveruzhinji chakatanga kushanda muSoviet Union muna 1954. Tekinoroji iyi yakavimbisa kuwanikwa kwemagetsi akawanda ane kabhoni shoma. Nyika zhinji dzakazovaka ma "reactor" enyukireya sechikamu chehurongwa hwavo hwesimba renyika.
Zvisinei, tsaona huru dzakadai seThree Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), naFukushima (2011) dzakakonzera kushushikana kwepasi rose pamusoro pekuchengetedzeka kwenyukireya uye manejimendi emarara ane mwaranzi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuvandudzwa kwenyukireya kwakadzikira mune dzimwe nyika, kunyangwe mune dzimwe ichiri chikamu chakakosha chemusanganiswa wesimba.
Kukwira kweSimba Rinodzokororwa: Zuva neMhepo
Sezvo zana remakore rechi20 nerechi21 raiswedera, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekusvibiswa kwemhepo zvakakonzera shanduko huru kune simba rinogona kushandiswazve. Simba remhepo (WPP) nesimba rezuva (PLTS) zvakawedzera zvakanyanya sezvo mitengo yetekinoroji yakaderera zvakanyanya uye rutsigiro rwehurumende rwakawedzera. Mapaneru ezuva aimbove anodhura zvakanyanya akava anodhura zvishoma, nepo maturbine emhepo akava makuru uye anoshanda zvakanaka.
Dambudziko guru resimba rezuva nemhepo nderekuti rinogara richichinja-chinja, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze nenguva yezuva. Nokudaro, masisitimu emazuva ano ekugadzira magetsi ari kuchinja kuenda kupfungwa dzemagetsi akangwara, kuchengetwa kwesimba (mabhatiri makuru), uye musanganiswa wesimba rakasiyana-siyana kuti magetsi arambe akasimba.
Kugadzira Simba reMazuva Ano: Kushanda Nesimba, Kuchinja Kwedhijitari, uye Kuchinja Kwesimba
Pasi rose pari zvino riri kuchinja simba. Nyika zhinji dziri kuedza kuderedza kushandiswa kwemalahle uye kuwedzera simba rinogona kushandiswazve kuderedza kuburitswa kwemagasi anodziya pasi. Tekinoroji yekugadzira magetsi iri kuramba ichiva yedhijitari: masensa, njere dzekugadzira, uye masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki anobatsira kuvandudza mashandiro, kufanotaura kukundikana, uye kutarisira kugoverwa kwemagetsi.
Uyezve, matekinoroji matsva ari kubuda, akadai sezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinopisa zvine utsi hushoma, zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa biomass, uye pfungwa yekuti hydrogen yakasvibirira inzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba rinogona kushandiswazve. Mune ramangwana, zviteshi zvemagetsi hazvizongotaridzi chete pakugadzira simba asiwo pakuchengetedza simba, kugona kushanda zvakanaka kwehurongwa, uye kukanganisa magariro evanhu.
Penutup
Nhoroondo yekugadzira magetsi inyaya yekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva uye kuda kwevanhu hupenyu hwakanaka uye hune zvibereko. Kubva pakuedza kuri nyore nemagetsi asingachinji kusvika kumagridi makuru emagetsi anobatanidza nyika nemakondinendi, rwendo urwu rwakaumba nyika yanhasi. Nhasi, dambudziko guru harisi rekungogadzira magetsi chete, asi kugadzira magetsi akachena, akachengeteka, anodhura, uye anogara kwenguva refu. Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza pasi rose, remangwana rekugadzira magetsi rinotarisirwa kuwedzera kudzorwa nesimba rinogona kushandiswazve uye masisitimu akangwara, zvichiratidza chitsauko chitsva munhoroondo yesimba remagetsi revanhu.
