Kushandurwa Kwesimba Mukugadzira Simba
Kuchinja simba inzira yekushandura imwe mhando yesimba kuita imwe, inobatsira zvikuru kune zvinodiwa nevanhu. Panyaya yekugadzira magetsi, kushandura simba ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakugadzira magetsi, ayo anozoendeswa kudzimba, maindasitiri, nenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeveruzhinji. Anenge masisitimu ese ekugadzira simba anoshanda kuburikidza nekushandurwa kwesimba—kubva kusimba remakemikari, kupisa, uye simba remakanika, pakupedzisira kusvika kusimba remagetsi. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya ekushandura kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise zvakanakira, zvisingakwanisike, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kukanganisa nharaunda kwetekinoroji yega yega yekugadzira simba.
1. Pfungwa huru dzesimba nemagetsi
Simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, asi rinogona kushanduka chimiro zvichienderana nemutemo wekuchengetedza simba. Panguva imwecheteyo, magetsi imhando yesimba rine chekuita nekufamba kwemagetsi (maerekitironi). Mumasisitimu emagetsi, simba remagetsi rinowanzo gadzirwa kuburikidza nemajenareta, michina inoshandura simba remagetsi (kutenderera) kuita simba remagetsi zvichibva pamusimboti we electromagnetic induction. Nemamwe mashoko, majenareta mazhinji anotarisa pane chimwe chinangwa chikuru: kugadzira turbine kana shaft rotation yakasimba zvakakwana uye yakagadzikana zvakakwana kuti ifambise jenareta.
2. Matanho akajairika ekushandurwa kwesimba muzviteshi zvemagetsi
Kunyange zvazvo mhando dzezvigadziko zvemagetsi dzichisiyana, matanho ekushandura simba anowanzova nemaitiro akafanana:
1. Manyuko makuru esimba: semuenzaniso marasha, gasi, uranium, mvura, mhepo, chiedza chezuva, kana simba remagetsi rinopisa.
2. Kushandurwa kuita simba repakati: kazhinji muchimiro chesimba rekupisa (kupisa) kana simba rekinetic (kufamba kwemvura).
3. Kushandurwa kuita simba remakanika: kazhinji kushandura turbine (utsi, gasi, mvura, kana mhepo).
4. Kushandurwa kuita simba remagetsi: jenareta rinoburitsa magetsi.
5. Kutapurirana nekugovera: magetsi anowedzerwa muvoltage, anotumirwa kuburikidza nenetwork, ozoderedzwa muvoltage kuti ishandiswe nevatengi.
Mune mamwe mafekitori emagetsi, mamwe matanho anogona kudziviswa. Semuenzaniso, ma solar panels anogona kushandura simba rechiedza kuita magetsi pasina turbine.
3. Chiteshi chemagetsi chemhepo (PLTU): simba remakemikari → kupisa → zvemagetsi → zvemagetsi
Chiteshi chemagetsi chinoshandiswa nemarasha muenzaniso wekare wekushandurwa kwezvikamu. Simba remakemikari rinochengetwa mumarasha rinoburitswa kuburikidza nekupiswa mubhoyira. Kupisa kunoitika kunodziisa mvura, kuchiishandura kuita utsi hwemhepo ine simba guru, inopisa zvakanyanya. Utsi uhwu hunozoiswa muturbine yemhepo ine simba, iyo inotenderedza mashizha ayo. Kutenderera kweturbine kunotyaira jenareta, ichigadzira magetsi.
Nzira yekushandura inogona kupfupikiswa seizvi:
simba remakemikari (marasha) → simba rekupisa (mhepo) → simba remakanika (turbine) → simba remagetsi (jenareta).
Matambudziko makuru ezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa marasha ndeekuti hazvishande zvakanaka zvakanyanya nekuda kwemitemo yethermodynamics, pamwe chete negasi rinopisa pasi uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Nokudaro, matekinoroji akadai sezviteshi zvemagetsi zvine simba guru/zvakanyanya simba guru uye masisitimu ekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo zvakagadzirwa kuti zviwedzere kushanda zvakanaka uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
4. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa gasi (PLTG/PLTGU): simba remakemikari → kupisa/kumanikidzwa → zvemakanika → magetsi
Muchigadzirwa chemagetsi chinoshandisa gasi, gasi rechisikigo rinopiswa mukamuri rinopisa turbine yegesi. Kupisa kunoitika kunoburitsa gasi rinopisa, rine simba guru rinotenderera zvakananga turbine yegesi. Turbine iyi yakabatana nejenareta, ichigadzira magetsi kubva kusimba remagetsi rinotenderera.
Uyezve, muhurongwa hwe combined cycle (PLTGU), kupisa kunobva mumagasi e exhaust e turbine ye gas kunoshandiswazve kugadzira utsi hunotyaira turbine ye steam. Izvi zvinoita kuti kushandurwa kwesimba kuve kwakanaka nekuti "kupisa kwakashata" hakurambidzwe pakarepo. Hunhu uhwu hunowedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwefekitori uye hunoderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta pa kWh yemagetsi.
5. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura (PLTA): simba rinogona kushandiswa → kinetic → mechanical → electrical
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa simba rekukwevera remvura rinochengetwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira (mumatangi kana munzizi). Kana mvura ikayerera nepakati pemuchina wepenstock (muchina wepenstock), simba rinoshanduka kuita simba rekinetic (kuyerera nekukurumidza). Kuyerera uku kunoshandura turbine yemvura (yakadai se Francis, Kaplan, kana Pelton turbine), iyo inozoshandura jenareta kuti igadzire magetsi.
Cheni yekushandura:
simba rinokwanisa remvura → simba rekinetic → simba remakanika returbine → simba remagetsi.
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura hazvidi kupisa, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakaderera. Zvisinei, kuvakwa kwemadhamu kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda, kudonha kwevhu, uye shanduko munharaunda dzakapoteredza.
6. Chigadziko chemagetsi emhepo (PLTB): simba remhepo rinotenderera → remakanika → remagetsi
Turbine yemhepo (PLTB) inoshandisa simba rekufamba kwemhepo. Mhepo inotenderedza mashizha eturbine (rotor). Kutenderera uku kunotumirwa kujenareta (dzimwe nguva kuburikidza negiya remagetsi, dzimwe nguva direct-drive) kuti igadzire magetsi.
Maitiro acho:
simba remhepo rinotenderera → simba remuchina rinotenderera → simba remagetsi.
Zvakanakira zvayo zvinosanganisira kuva simba rinogona kushandiswazve uye kusaburitsa utsi panguva yekushanda. Zvipingamupinyi zvayo zviri mukushanduka-shanduka kwemhepo, izvo zvinoita kuti magetsi ayo asagadzikane, zvichida sisitimu inodzora grid, kuchengetwa kwesimba, kana kusanganiswa nemamwe majenareta.
7. Zvivako zvemagetsi ezuva (PLTS): simba rinopenya → magetsi
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvezuva zve photovoltaic zvinoshanda pamusimboti wemhedzisiro ye photovoltaic: ma photon anobva kuzuva anorova chinhu che semiconductor (senge silicon), obva agadzira kufamba kwemaerekitironi, zvichigadzira magetsi. Maitiro ekushandura ipfupi:
simba remwaranzi yezuva → simba remagetsi.
Zvisinei, magetsi anobva kuma solar panels anongoshanda nesimba (DC), zvichireva kuti inverter inoashandura kuita alternating current (AC) kuti ikwane mu grid. Kufanana nemhepo, simba rezuva rinochinja-chinja, saka simba remagetsi rinobuda rinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo, nenguva yezuva.
Kunze kwemagetsi ezuva (photovoltaics), kunewo ma "thermal solar power plants" (CSP) anoisa kupisa kwezuva kuti agadzire utsi uye atenderedze turbine—zvakafanana ne "power plant" inofambiswa nemarasha, asi kunobva kupisa kunobva kuzuva.
8. Chigadziko chemagetsi chinoshandiswa nemhepo inopisa (PLTP): kupisa kwepasi → zvemakanika → zvemagetsi
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinopisa pasi pevhu (PLTP) zvinoshandisa kupisa kubva mukati mevhu kupisa mvura kana mvura iri mumidziyo inodziya pasi pevhu. Mvura iyi inopisa inogona kuva utsi hwakananga kana mvura inopisa iyo inozobviswa nemhepo kuburikidza nemaitiro chaiwo. Utsi hunoshandura maturbine nemajenareta, zvichigadzira magetsi.
Dunhu rekushandura:
simba remvura inopisa → simba remvura inopisa → simba remakanika returbine → simba remagetsi.
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinopisa pasi pevhu (PLTP) zvine mukana wekuva zvinogadzira simba remagetsi nekuda kwekugadzikana kwazvo kana tichienzanisa nesimba remhepo nezuva, uye kusvibiswa kwadzo kushoma kana tichienzanisa nezvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mafuta. Matambudziko anosanganisira mari yekutsvaga, njodzi dzekuchera, uye kutarisira mvura negasi rinosvibisa.
9. Kushanda zvakanaka uye kurasikirwa nesimba mukushandura
Danho rega rega rekushandura rinoperekedzwa nekurasikirwa nesimba, kazhinji muchimiro chekurasikirwa nekupisa nekuda kwekukweshana, kuramba magetsi, kana zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi. Kushanda zvakanaka kunotsanangura kuti simba rinopinzwa rinoshandurwa sei kuita simba remagetsi rinobuda.
Muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinopisa (marasha, gasi, nyukireya), kushanda zvakanaka kunonyanya kukanganiswa nemusiyano wekupisa uripo pakati penzvimbo inopisa nenzvimbo, zvichienderana netsika yethermodynamic. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinodzorerwa simba zvakaita semhepo nezuva, kushanda zvakanaka kunonyanya kukanganiswa nehunhu hwezvishandiso (turbine aerodynamics, kunaka kwemasero ezuva) uye mamiriro ekunze.
Pamusoro pekugadzira magetsi, kurasikirwa kwesimba kunoitikawo mukufambiswa kwemagetsi nekuparadzira magetsi nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwetambo nemidziyo, saka kuronga network kwakakosha zvikuru kuchengetedza kunaka kwemagetsi.
10. Mhedziso
Kushandurwa kwesimba mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi inzira yecheni inoshandura simba guru rakasiyana kuita simba remagetsi rinoshanda. Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinofambiswa nemarasha (PLTU) uye zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa simba remafossil zvinoshandisa simba remakemikari kuita kupisa uye zvoita kuti zvifambe, nepo zvivakwa zvemagetsi nemhepo (PLTA) zvinoshandisa simba rekufamba kwemvura zvakananga kushandura maturbine. Zvivakwa zvemagetsi ezuva zvine photovoltaic (PLTS) zvinogona kutoshandura mwaranzi yezuva zvakananga kuita magetsi pasina nhanho yemakanika. Tekinoroji yega yega ine hunhu hwakasiyana hwekushandura simba, kushanda zvakanaka, mutengo, uye kukanganisa nharaunda. Mune ramangwana, kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura, kuwedzera kushandiswa kwesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa, uye kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwesimba uye magrid akangwara zvichave zvakakosha pakusangana nekudiwa kuri kukura kwemagetsi nenzira yakachena uye inochengetedza nguva.
