Hunhu hweMichina Inoenderana
Muchina we synchronous imhando yemuchina wemagetsi we alternating current (AC) unoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi emazuva ano, sejenareta (alternator) uye semota ye synchronous. Unonzi "synchronous" nekuti kumhanya kwawo kwe rotor kune hukama hwakagadzika (synchronous) ne AC source frequency. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushanda akajairwa, muchina we synchronous unoshanda nekumhanya kwakasimba kunoenderana ne network frequency uye huwandu hwemapango emuchina. Hunhu uhwu hunoita kuti michina ye synchronous ive yakakosha mukugadzira magetsi uye mashandisirwo emaindasitiri anoda kugadzikana kwekumhanya uye kugona kudzora simba.
Tsanangudzo uye Nheyo Dzekutanga dzeBasa
Kazhinji, muchina we synchronous une zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: stator ne rotor. Stator chikamu chisingachinji chine armature coils apo AC voltage inogadzirwa kana kutumirwa. Rotor chikamu chinotenderera chinoburitsa simba remagineti. Simba remagineti re rotor rinowanzo gadzirwa ne direct current (DC) kuburikidza ne excitation system, kunyange hazvo mamwe magadzirirwo emazuva ano angashandisa magineti anogara aripo.
Nheyo yekushanda kwayo inobva pakubatana kwesimba remagineti rerotor nesimba remagineti rinotenderera riri mu stator. Mujenareta re synchronous, rotor, inotenderedzwa ne turbine (steam, water, gas, kana diesel), inogadzira simba remagineti rinocheka ma stator coils, zvichigadzira AC voltage. Mumota ye synchronous, simba remagineti rinotenderera re stator "rinodhonza" rotor, zvichiita kuti itenderere nekumhanya kwe synchronous.
Kumhanya kweSynchronous uye Hukama Hwayo neFrequency
Hunhu hwakasiyana zvikuru hwemuchina unopindirana ispeed inopindirana (Ns). Kumhanya uku kunoenderana nefrequency yesystem (f) uye huwandu hwemapango (P) emuchina, akagadzirwa se:
Ns = (120 × f) / P
Saka, kune system ye50 Hz:
– Muchina une matanda matanhatu: Ns = 3000 rpm
– Muchina une matanda matanhatu: Ns = 1500 rpm
– Muchina une matanda matanhatu: Ns = 1000 rpm
Kumhanya uku kwesynchronous kunoramba kwakafanana chero bedzi frequency yacho iri nguva dzose. Kusiyana nema induction motors, ayo anotsvedza, ma synchronous motors anotenderera zvakanaka paNs. Iyi ibhenefiti huru mumashandisirwo anoda kugadzikana kwespeed.
Maumbirwo eRotor uye Mhando
Hunhu hwemuchina we synchronous hunoenderanawo nekugadzirwa kwe rotor yawo. Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dze rotors:
1. Rotor ine simba guru yedanda
Ine mapango "anobuda" panyama. Inowanzoshandiswa mumajenareta anomhanya zvishoma, akadai semagetsi anogadzirwa nemvura, nekuti yakakodzera kumhanya kwakaderera uye mapango akawanda.
2. Rotor ine cylindrical (rotor isina kusimba kana kuti ine cylindrical)
Chimiro chayo chakapfava uye chakaita sedenderedzwa, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kumhanya zvakanyanya, senge inowanikwa mumaturbine emhepo mumafekitori emagetsi anofambiswa nemarasha. Rotor iyi inowanzova nematanda maviri kana mana uye yakagadzirirwa kutsungirira kushushikana kwakanyanya kwemuchina kunokonzerwa nekutenderera nekukurumidza.
Sisitimu Yekufadza Nemhedzisiro Yayo
Michina inopindirana inoda kukwidza kuti igadzire rotor magnetic field (kunze kwemhando dzemagineti dzinogara dziripo). Kukwidza uku ndiko hunhu hukuru hunosiyanisa michina inopindirana kubva kune mimwe michina yakawanda yeAC. Kugadzirisa simba rekukudzira kunobvumira:
- Kugadziriswa kwemagetsi emagetsi pajenareta
- Kugadzika kwesimba remagetsi pamota
- Kudzora kuyerera kwesimba rinoita basa (VAR) mumasisitimu emagetsi
Mumajenareta anowirirana, kuwedzera kwekukurudza kunowanzo kuwedzera voltage yemagetsi (tichifunga nezvemutoro uye reactance). Mumamota anowirirana, kuwedzera kwekukurudza kunogona kukonzera kuti mota ishande nesimba rinotungamira, iro rinobatsira pakugadzirisa simba rinoita reactive.
Hunhu hweVoltage uye Kudzora kweVoltage
Mumajenareta anowirirana, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha kudzorwa kwemagetsi, kunova kuchinja kwemagetsi ekupedzisira kubva pakusava nemagetsi kuenda kumamiriro ezvinhu akaremerwa nekumhanya kwakapihwa uye kufadza. Kudzorwa kwemagetsi kunokanganiswa ne:
- Kubatana kwezwi (Xs)
- Kudzivirira kweStator coil (Ra)
- Chinonyanya kuremedza mutoro (chinononoka/chinotungamira)
– Mutoro mukuru wezvino
Mitoro inotungamira (lagging power factor) inowanzo deredza voltage yeterminal nekuda kwekudonha kwevoltage pane reactance. Kusiyana neizvi, mitoro ye capacitive (inotungamira) inogona kukonzera voltage yeterminal kukwira.
Hunhu hweSimba uye Angle yeMutoro
Michina inopindirana inoratidzwa nehukama huripo pakati pesimba rinopfuudzwa nekona yesimba δ, inova kona iri pakati pemunda werotor nemunda we stator. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, simba remagetsi rinopfuudzwa rinoenderana ne sin(δ). Sezvo mutoro uchiwedzera, kona δ inowedzera kusvika pamuganho wakati. Kana δ yakakura zvakanyanya, muchina unogona kurasikirwa nekubatana (kudhonza-kunze).
Ndosaka kugadzikana kwemakona kuri chinhu chikuru chinonetsa mumasisitimu emagetsi, kunyanya panguva yekukanganiswa kwegridi. Majenareta anowirirana anofanira kuchengetedza kuenderana nesisitimu, kana kuti anogona kugumburwa kuti adzivirire michina.
Hunhu hweSimba reMasimba muSynchronous Motors
Chinhu chinoshamisa chemota inofamba nesynchronous ndiko kugona kwayo kudzora simba nekuchinja simba rekufambisa mhepo. Zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha:
1. Kusafara zvakanyanya: simba rekukurudza rakaderera, mota inotora simba rinoita basa (simba rinononoka).
2. Kazhinji-kufara: simba rechinhu rinosvika 1 (kubatana).
3. Kufara zvakanyanya: simba rekufambisa rakawanda, mota inopa simba rekuita (simba rinotungamira).
Nekuti inogona kushanda se "compensator", mota ye synchronous ine mufaro wakanyanya dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa se synchronous condenser, inova mudziyo wekuvandudza simba uye kudzikamisa voltage yesystem.
Nzira Yekutanga (Kuisa Chidimbu Chekutanga)
Chimwe chinhu chinoshanda chemota inofamba nesynchronous ndechekuti haigone kuzvitanga yoga kana ikapihwa simba reAC zvakananga, sezvo torque yayo yekutanga iri zero pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Saka, nzira yekutanga inodiwa, semuenzaniso:
- Kushandisa mota yekubatsira (mota yemabhiza)
- Kushandisa mawindings emotisseur (mawindings edamper) kuitira kuti pakutanga ishande semota ye induction, yozo "kiya" zvakafanana kana yasvika kuNs
- Kushandisa electronic drive/inverter (yezvishandiso zvemazuva ano)
Nzira yekutanga inokanganisa kuoma kwehurongwa, mutengo, uye kuvimbika kwekushanda.
Kushanda Nekushanda
Mota dzinoenderana dzinowanzo shanda zvakanaka, kunyanya kana dziine simba rakawanda. Majenareta anobatana ndiwo musimboti wekugadzira magetsi, anokwanisa kugadzira simba rakawanda nekudzora voltage chaiyo. Muindasitiri, mota dzinoenderana dzinoshandiswa mu:
- Compressor hombe
- Pombi ine simba guru uye inofefetera
- Mafekitori esimende nekuchera migodhi
- Mashandisirwo anoda muripo wekukurumidza nguva dzose uye simba remagetsi
Mhedziso
Hunhu hwemuchina unochinjika hunosanganisira kumhanya kunogara kuripo zvichienderana nefrequency, zvinodiwa zveDC excitation, kugona kudzora simba, uye kugadzikana kwesynchronous, izvo zvakakosha mumasisitimu emagetsi. Mune jenareta inochinjika, kudzorwa kweexcitation kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekudzorwa kwevoltage uye reactive power flow. Mune mota inochinjika, kugona kushanda pane imwe power factor inotungamira kunoita kuti isangova mechanical load driver chete asiwo chishandiso chekuvandudza hunhu hwesimba. Nekushanda kwayo kwakanyanya uye basa rakakosha mukugadzira magetsi nemaindasitiri, michina inochinjika inoramba iri chikamu chakakosha mukusimudzira tekinoroji yemagetsi.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera dhayagiramu yepfungwa/chikamu chemufananidzo, muenzaniso wekuverenga kumhanya kwesynchronous, kana kugadzira shanduro yehunyanzvi yechinyorwa (ine equal circuit equations uye V-curves yemota dzesynchronous).
