Mashandiro Emichina Yemazuva Ano Yakananga
Michina yemagetsi yakananga (DC) zvinhu zvakakosha mumasisitimu emagetsi akasiyana-siyana, inozivikanwa nekushanda kwayo zvakanaka uye kuvimbika mukushandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remakanika kana zvinopesana. Inouya mumhando mbiri huru: mota dzeDC nemajenareta eDC. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita michina iyi kunosanganisira kuongorora misimboti yemagetsi, zvikamu zvayo, uye mashandiro ayo.
Basic Principles of Operation
Electromagnetic Induction
Chinhu chikuru chinoshanda mumashini eDC i electromagnetic induction, maitiro anotsanangurwa neMutemo waFaraday. Mutemo uyu unoti voltage inokonzereswa mu conductor kana ikasangana nekuchinja kwe magnetic flux. Mumashini eDC, musimboti uyu unoshandiswa zvakasiyana kune mota nemajenareta:
– DC Motors: Shandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remakanika. Kana magetsi achipfuura nemuma armature winding mukati me magnetic field inogadzirwa ne stationary field windings, simba rinoshandiswa pama conductors, zvichigadzira torque inoita kuti armature itenderere.
– Majenareta eDC: Shandura simba remakanika kuita simba remagetsi. Kana armature ikatenderedzwa nekanika mukati memunda wemagineti, inocheka nepakati pemitsara yesimba remagineti, zvichikonzera simba remagetsi (EMF) mumakondirakita.
Magnetic Fields uye Armature Reaction
Mumamota nemajenareta, kudyidzana pakati pesimba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemawinding emunda nesimbi yesimbi kunoita basa rakakosha. Kuita kwesimbi zvinoreva kukanganiswa kwesimba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemagetsi ari mumawinding esimbi yesimbi pasimba remagineti riri mukati memuchina. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kukanganiswa uye kutungamira kumatambudziko akadai sekutsvaira mabhurashi, zvichikonzera kufunga nezvekugadzira senge kutsiva mawinding kana mainterpole.
Makiyi Makuru
Chimiro
Chigadziko chemuchina ndicho chikamu chinotenderera chemuchina. Chine musimboti wesimbi wakaita sedenderedzwa une mipata yekuisa maconductor. Mumota, inotakura magetsi anoshandiswa nesimba remagineti; mumajenareta, ndiyo nzvimbo inopinzwa magetsi.
Mawindingi emunda
Makwiringi emunda anogadzira simba remagineti rinodiwa kuti rishande. Anogona kunge ari magineti emagetsi anofambiswa nemagetsi ekunze kana magineti anogara aripo mumichina midiki. Makwiringi emunda anonakidza anogadzirisa kufamba kwemagineti uye nokudaro hunhu hwekushanda kwemuchina.
Commutator
Commutator iswichi inotenderera yemakanika inodzokorodza nguva nenguva mafambiro emagetsi ari mukati mezvitenderedzwa zve armature. Inoita kuti torque inogadzirwa (mumamota) kana voltage inokonzereswa (mumajenareta) irambe iine divi rakafanana. Zvikamu zve commutator zvinodzivirirwa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe uye kubva kushaft.
Brushes
Mabhurashi zvinhu zvinofambisa magetsi zvisingachinji zvinochengetedza kubatana kwemagetsi ne commutator inotenderera. Kazhinji zvakagadzirwa ne graphite kana kabhoni, mabhurashi anofambisa magetsi kuenda uye kubva ku armature windings.
Bearings uye Shaft
Mubato unotsigira armature uye unobvumira kutenderera kwayo. Mabheringi anoderedza kukweshana pakati pe armature inotenderera ne standing casing, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Joko neMatanda
Joko rinoumba furemu yekunze yemuchina, zvichipa kusimba kwechimiro uye nzira yekufamba kwemagineti. Matanda akabatanidzwa pajoko anotakura mawindings emunda uye anosvika simba remagineti rakafanana kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzesimbi.
Kushanda kweDC Motors
Nheyo yeKushandisa
Mamota eDC anoshanda nepfungwa yekuti kondakita inotakura magetsi mukati mesimba remagineti inosangana nesimba. Mawinding e armature anotakura magetsi ayo anosangana nesimba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemawinding emunda, zvichipa torque inokonzera kutenderera. Kutungamira kwekutenderera kunogona kuzivikanwa uchishandisa mutemo wekurudyi.
Mhando dzeDC Motors
1. Mamota eShunt: Ane mawindings emumunda akabatana pamwe chete ne armature. Anozivikanwa nekumhanya kwakafanana pasi pemitoro yakasiyana-siyana.
2. Mota dzeSeries: Dzine ma "field windings" akabatanidzwa mu "series" ne "armature". Dzinopa torque yepamusoro yekutanga uye dzakakodzera kushandiswa kunoda shanduko dzemutoro unorema.
3. Mamota Akasanganiswa: Anosanganisa maficha emota dzakatevedzana nedzeshunt, pamwe chete nedzakatevedzana nedzeshunt field windings. Anopa mashandiro akaenzana kune akasiyana siyana mashandisirwo.
Kumhanyisa Kudzora
Kudzora kumhanya kwemamota eDC kunogona kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzakadai se:
- Kudzora Kudzora Kushanda Kwemagetsi: Inogadzirisa voltage inoshandiswa kumawindings emagetsi.
– Kudzora Kushanda Kwemagetsi Mumunda: Kugadzirisa simba remagetsi kuburikidza nemagetsi emumunda kuti uchinje simba remagetsi.
- Kudzora Kudzivirira Kushandiswa Kwezvombo: Kuisa zvinoramba zvichichinja-chinja zvakatevedzana pamwe chete nezvombo.
Kushanda kweMajenareta eDC
Nheyo yeKushandisa
Majenareta eDC anoshandura simba remakanika kuita simba remagetsi zvichibva paMutemo waFaraday we electromagnetic induction. Sezvo armature ichitenderera kuburikidza nesimba remagineti, EMF inokonzereswa. Commutator inogadzirisa EMF inokonzereswa kuti ibudise kubuda kweDC nenzira imwe chete.
Mhando dzeMajenareta eDC
1. Majenareta Anofara Akasiyana: Mawinding emunda anopihwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo. Voltage inobuda haina chekuita ne load current.
2. Majenareta Anozvifadza: Mawinding emunda anofambiswa nejenareta pachayo uye anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvinotevera:
– Majenareta eShunt: Mawinding emunda akabatana pamwe chete nesimbi.
- Majenareta eSeries: Mawindings emunda ari mumutsara pamwe ne armature.
– Majenareta Akasanganiswa: Ane mawindings ese ari maviri emhando ye series ne shunt field kuti awedzere kushanda zvakanaka.
Voltage Regulation
Kuchengetedza simba remagetsi rakagadzikana kwakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kwejenareta uye kunogona kuitwa ne:
- Mutemo weField Current: Kugadzirisa simba remagetsi kuburikidza nemawindings emunda.
– Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs): Inoshandiswa mumajenareta eDC emazuva ano ekudzora voltage nemazvo.
Applications
Motors
- Mashandisirwo eindasitiri: Mabhandi ekutakura zvinhu, makireni, uye maturusi emuchina.
- Kutakurwa: Mota dzemagetsi, zvitima, uye matramu.
– Midziyo yepamba: Mafeni, ma air conditioner, nemichina yekuwachisa.
Generator
– Magetsi Anotakurika: Simba rekuchengetedza uye rekukurumidzira panguva yekudzima magetsi.
– Masisitimu Esimba Rinodzokororwa: Masisitimu ekuchengetera simba rezuva.
– Mota: Zvishandiso zvemota zvekuchaja mabhatiri.
mhedziso
Michina yeDC inoumba chikamu chakakosha chehunyanzvi hwedu hwemazuva ano, ichishandisa misimboti yemagetsi kuti ipe shanduko yesimba yakavimbika uye inoshanda. Kunzwisisa zvikamu zvayo, mashandiro ayo, uye mashandisirwo ayo kunopa ruzivo rwekukosha kwayo kusingaperi mumamiriro ese eindasitiri uye ezuva nezuva. Kubva pakugonesa mota dzine torque yakawanda kusvika pakuona kuti magetsi anowanikwa zvakanaka kuburikidza nemajenareta, michina yeDC inoramba ichitungamira kufambira mberi muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana.
