Dzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano: Kunzwisisa basa remasangano muhupfumi
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano ibazi rezvehupfumi rinosimbisa kukosha kwemasangano—ose ari maviri epamutemo neasina kurongwa—pakusarudza mashandiro ehupfumi. Masangano anogona kutora chimiro chemitemo, tsika, uye masisitimu emutemo anotonga kudyidzana pakati pevanhu nemapoka munharaunda. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora midzi yekare, pfungwa huru, uye mashandisirwo anoshanda edzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano mukunzwisisa hupfumi.
Nhoroondo neKuvandudzwa kweDzidziso yeZvehupfumi yeMasangano
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano yakatanga kubuda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 semhinduro kumiganhu yedzidziso yezvehupfumi yeClassical neNeoclassical, iyo yaiwanzo furatira basa remasangano mukuongorora hupfumi. Vatangi vedzidziso iyi, vakaita saThorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, naJohn R. Commons, vakasimbisa kuti maitiro ehupfumi haagoni kunzwisiswa zvizere pasina kufunga nezvemasangano ari pasi pawo.
Thorstein Veblen, semuenzaniso, anozivikanwa nepfungwa yake ye "pfungwa yekushanda nesimba" uye kutsoropodza kwake "kutevedzera mari," izvo zvinoratidza kuti maitiro ehupfumi anowanzo kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvemagariro netsika kupfuura zvinokurudzira zvinhu. Wesley Mitchell, kune rumwe rutivi, akatarisa pakudzidza mamiriro ebhizinesi uye kuyerwa kwedata rehupfumi, izvo zvakabatsira kusimbisa hwaro hwedzidziso yemasangano. John R. Commons akasimbisa kukosha kwekutonga kwemutemo uye basa rehurumende mukutonga hupfumi.
Zviitiko zvakazotevera zvakaita kuti pave nechinhu chinozivikanwa se "New Institutional Economics" (NIE) muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20, nevanhu vakaita saDouglass North, Oliver Williamson, naRonald Coase vachiedza kusanganisa zvinhu zvekuongorora hupfumi hwenyika nedzidziso yemasangano. NIE yakasimbisa kukosha kwemari yekutengeserana, kodzero dzepfuma, uye zvibvumirano mukunzwisisa kuti masangano anokanganisa sei mashandiro ehupfumi.
Pfungwa Dzakakosha muDzidziso yeZvehupfumi hweMasangano
1. Masangano neMasangano
Mudzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano, masangano anowanzo siyaniswa nemasangano. Masangano ndiwo mitemo yemutambo munharaunda inoumba maitiro evanhu nemapoka. Izvi zvinogona kuva mitemo, mitemo, tsika dzevanhu, kana tsika. Masangano, kune rumwe rutivi, masangano chaiwo anoshanda mukati mehurongwa uhwu hwemasangano, hwakadai semakambani, hurumende, kana maNGO.
2. Mari dzeKutengeserana
Imwe yepfungwa huru muNIE imitengo yekutengesa, yakaunzwa naRonald Coase. Mari yekutengesa imitengo inoshandiswa mukutsinhana zvinhu kana masevhisi, senge mari yekutsvaga ruzivo, kutaurirana zvibvumirano, uye kusimbisa zvibvumirano. Dzidziso yaCoase yakaratidza kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwehupfumi hakungoonekwi chete nemutengo nehuwandu asiwo nekuti mitengo yekutengesa yakaderera sei mukati mehurongwa hwehupfumi.
3. Kodzero Dzekuva Muridzi
Douglass North vakasimbisa kukosha kwekodzero dzepfuma mukusimudzira hupfumi. Kodzero dzepfuma dzakajeka uye dzinoshanda dzinoita kuti vanhu nemasangano vafarire kudyara mari uye kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva, sezvo vaine chivimbo chekuti mabhenefiti ekudyara mari iyoyo achava avo. Pasina kodzero dzakasimba dzepfuma, hupfumi hunowanzomira nekuti vanhu vazhinji havadi kurasikirwa nemari yavo yavanowana nesimba.
4. Zvibvumirano neHutongi
Oliver Williamson anoratidza kukosha kwezvibvumirano nemaumbirwo ehutungamiriri muhupfumi. Maumbirwo emakondirakiti anoshanda zvakanaka anoita kuti zviwanikwa zvigoverwe zviri nani nekuderedza kusava nechokwadi uye njodzi yekuzvibata zvisina kunaka—zviito zvevanhu kana mapoka ari kutsvaga kuwana mukana asi vamwe vachirasikirwa nazvo. Hutongi hwakanaka mumakambani nehurumende ndihwo hunokosha pakugadzira mamiriro ehupfumi akagadzikana uye ane zvibereko.
5. Kuvimba Nenzira
Kuvimba nenzira ipfungwa inosimbisa kuti sarudzo dzehupfumi dziripo dzinowanzo kanganiswa nenhoroondo yemasangano ekare. Nemamwe mashoko, kukura kwesangano kunogona kuganhurira sarudzo dziripo mune ramangwana. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei shanduko yesangano ichiwanzova yakaoma uye inotora nguva, sezvo ichifanira kurwisa pesvedzero yenzira dziripo dzebudiriro.
Mashandisirwo Anoshanda eTheory yezvehupfumi hwemasangano
1. Kugadziriswa kwezvekurima
Kugadziriswa kwezvekurima kunogona kuva muenzaniso chaiwo wekushandiswa kweInstitutional Economic Theory. Kugovanisa ivhu kuvarimi vadiki nekupa kodzero dzakajeka dzekuva muridzi wevhu kunogona kuwedzera goho rekurima. Kana varimi vaine kodzero dzakachengeteka dzekuva muridzi wevhu, vanowanzo dyara mari mukuvandudza tekinoroji uye nzira dzekurima dzinoshanda zvakanaka, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera goho uye kuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
2. Mutemo weKutengeserana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose
Masangano anoitawo basa rakakosha mumutemo wekutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Semuenzaniso, kuvapo kwemasangano epasi rose akaita seWorld Trade Organization (WTO) kunobatsira kugadzira mitemo nezviyero zvinoderedza mari yekutengeserana uye kusava nechokwadi mukutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Mitemo iyi nemirau zvinogonesa nyika kutaurirana nenzira yakagadzikana uye inofungidzirwa, iyo inokurudzira kutengeserana kwepasi rose uye kufamba kwekudyara.
3. Kupa Mabasa eVeruzhinji
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano inogonawo kushandiswa pakuongorora mabasa ehurumende, akadai sedzidzo, hutano, uye zvivakwa. Masangano epamutemo, akadai semitemo nemirau, uye masangano asina kurongeka, akadai setsika dzemagariro evanhu, anogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka uye kushanda zvakanaka kwebasa iri rehurumende. Semuenzaniso, kuganhurirwa kwehurumende, uko kunosimbisa masangano emunharaunda, kunogona kuwedzera kuzvidavirira uye kupindura mumabasa ehurumende.
4. Kubudirira kweHupfumi hweDunhu
Dzidziso yeUpfumi hweMasangano inokoshawo pakukura kwehupfumi hwedunhu. Masangano emunharaunda akasimba uye anochinjika anogona kuva chinhu chakakosha pakukwezva mari uye kugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ekukura kwehupfumi. Muenzaniso wesangano remunharaunda rinoshanda iboka remaindasitiri rinovandudza kushandira pamwe pakati pemakambani, hurumende, nemasangano edzidzo kukurudzira hunyanzvi hutsva uye kuwedzera kugona.
Kutsoropodzwa kwedzidziso yezvehupfumi yemasangano
Pasinei nemabhenefiti ayo anozivikanwa nevakawanda, Institutional Economic Theory haisi isina vanoitsoropodza. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa ndechekuti zvinowanzoomera kuiongorora nekuongorora nekuda kwekuoma kwemasangano uye kudyidzana kwawo kwakakura. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotiwo dzidziso iyi inowanzova yepamutemo uye haina fungidziro dzakajeka nezvemhedzisiro yehupfumi.
Zvisinei, pasinei nekutsoropodzwa uku, Institutional Economic Theory inoramba iri imwe yenzira dzakasimba uye dzine simba guru muhupfumi, zvichiunza maonero akapfuma uye akazara ekunzwisisa mamiriro ehupfumi.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi hwemasangano inopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti masangano—ose ari maviri epamutemo akadai semitemo nemirau, uye asina kurongwa akadai setsika nemagariro evanhu—anoumba sei maitiro ehupfumi uye anopesvedzera mashandiro ehurongwa hwehupfumi hwese. Nekutarisa hupfumi kuburikidza nemaonero emasangano, tinogona kuwana kunzwisisa kwakazara kwekuchinja kunoumba nyika yedu yehupfumi, kubva pachiyero chemunharaunda kusvika pasi rose.
