Kukosha kwehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika
Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika izwi rinosanganisa mativi maviri makuru: hupfumi nesainzi yezvematongerwo enyika. Senzvimbo iri kukura yekudzidza, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunovavarira kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemitemo yezvematongerwo enyika nemabasa ehupfumi munyika kana dunhu rakati. Muchinyorwa chino, tichatsanangura kuti nei hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakakosha zvikuru mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano uye kuti kunzwisisa kwakazara kwenzvimbo iyi kunogona sei kupa mabhenefiti akawanda kuvanhu, nzanga, nemarudzi.
Nhoroondo neKubudirira kweHupfumi hweMatongerwo enyika
Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakatanga kuoneka sedzidzo mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, nemabasa evanhu vakaita saAdam Smith, David Ricardo, naKarl Marx. Smith, nebhuku rake rinonzi "The Wealth of Nations," anowanzoonekwa sababa vehupfumi hwemazuva ano, nepo Marx akapa ongororo yakadzama yehutongi hwehupfumi uye akatanga pfungwa dzakadai sekushandiswa kwevashandi uye kukosha kwakawedzerwa. Kuvakira padzidziso idzi dzekare, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakashanduka kuita sainzi inosanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira microeconomics, macroeconomics, sociology, uye political science.
Sei Hupfumi hweMatongerwo enyika Huchikosha?
1. Kunzwisisa Mutemo weVeruzhinji
Mutemo weveruzhinji ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha apo hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoita basa rakakosha. Kugadzira mutemo weveruzhinji zvinobudirira kunoda kunzwisisa kwakakwana kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi zvinopesvedzera sei sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika uye zvinopesana. Semuenzaniso, mutemo wezvemari wenyika unopesvedzera kukwira kwemitengo, kushaikwa kwemabasa, uye kukura kwehupfumi. Panyaya iyi, kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemitemo yehurumende nemigumisiro yehupfumi kwakakosha.
2. Kuongorora Maitiro Ehupfumi neDemocracy
Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunodzidzawo masisitimu akasiyana-siyana ehupfumi, akadai sehutongi hwehupfumi, hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji, uye masisitimu akasanganiswa, uye mashandiro anoita masisitimu aya mumamiriro akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika. Panguva imwe chete, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoongorora kuti democracy neudzvanyiriri zvinopesvedzera sei mutemo wehupfumi. Simba rezvematongerwo enyika pahupfumi rinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nehurongwa hwehurumende huripo. Munyika dzedemocracy, semuenzaniso, mutemo wehupfumi unowanzo pesvedzwa nepfungwa dzesarudzo, nepo muhurumende dzehudzvanyiriri, unogona pesvedzwa zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa nevakuru.
3. Kugara kwenguva refu uye Kubudirira kweHupfumi
Nyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi nebudiriro yehupfumi ndeimwe nzvimbo iyo hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunopa ruzivo rwakakosha. Kubudirira kwehupfumi kunoda kwete kukura kwehupfumi nguva dzose chete asiwo kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kururamisira munharaunda. Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoongorora kuti mitemo yehurumende, padanho remunharaunda nepasi rose, inogona sei kukurudzira kana kukanganisa budiriro inochengetedza nharaunda. Semuenzaniso, rubatsiro rwemafuta efosili runogona kukuvadza nharaunda asi panguva imwe chete runogona kubatsira kukura kwehupfumi kwenguva pfupi uye kugadzikana munharaunda. Apa ndipo panoita basa rehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika nekuongorora kutengeserana pakati pekukura kwehupfumi, kuenzana, uye kuchengetedzeka kwenharaunda.
4. Kugarika uye Kugoverwa kwePfuma
Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru muhupfumi ndechekuti pfuma nemagariro evanhu zvinogoverwa sei. Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunobatsira kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kugoverwa kwepfuma uye kuti mamwe marongero anogona kukanganisa sei hutano hwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, mutero unofambira mberi unoshanda zviri nani pakugovanisa pfuma patsva pane mutero wakatsetseka here? Rubatsiro rwevanhu runoita basa rei mukuderedza kusaenzana kwehupfumi? Zvidzidzo muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika zvinopa mhinduro zvichibva pakuongorora kwakadzama kwezviitiko uye dzidziso.
5. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose nehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwepasi rose
Munguva yekudyidzana kwenyika, hukama pakati penyika huri kuramba huchioma. Hupfumi hwenyika dzepasi rose hunodzidza nezvekutengeserana, mari yekudyara mari kubva kune dzimwe nyika, uye mitemo yehupfumi hwenyika yose inokanganisa kudyidzana pakati penyika. Kuti mitero, zvirambidzo, uye zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda zvinokanganisa sei hupfumi hwenyika inyaya dzinoongororwa muhupfumi hwenyika dzepasi rose. Ruzivo rwemutemo wepasi rose, hukama hwenyika dzepasi rose, uye hupfumi hwenyika dzese rwakakosha pano.
6. Simba reTekinoroji neKugadzira Zvinhu Zvitsva
Tekinoroji nekuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosimudzira kukura kwehupfumi, uye hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunopa hurongwa hwekuongorora kuti hunzwisise kukosha kwazvo. Semuenzaniso, hupfumi hwedhijitari nekushandisa otomatiki zvakakonzera kukanganiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichigadzira mabasa matsva ukuwo zvichibvisa mamwe. Mitemo yeruzhinji yakaita sedzidzo, kudzidziswazve kwevashandi, uye mitemo yetekinoroji ndiyo pfungwa huru yehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika kuona kuti shanduko yetekinoroji inoenderera mberi nenzira inosanganisira vese uye yakaenzana.
7. Simba reMasangano Emari neMakambani Enyika Dzakawanda
Masangano emari nemakambani makuru ane simba guru muhupfumi hwenyika. Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoongorora kuti simba iri rinoshanda sei nehurongwa hwehurumende nehupfumi hwenyika. Semuenzaniso, dambudziko remari ra2008 rakaratidza pachena kuti kukundikana kwechikamu chemari kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwehupfumi hwenyika. Zvidzidzo muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwekugadzira hurongwa hunogona kudzivirira matambudziko akafanana mune ramangwana.
8. Kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi
Kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kwakadai sekusawirirana, kupidigurwa kwehurumende, kana kusawirirana kwemadzinza, kunogona kukanganisa hupfumi zvakanyanya. Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kunokanganisa sei mari, kukura kwehupfumi, uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu. Uyezve, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunodzidzawo kuti matambudziko ehupfumi anogona sei kukonzera kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvichigadzira kutenderera kwenzvimbo.
Mhedziso
Munyika iri kuramba ichioma uye yakabatana, kukosha kwehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hakugone kupfuudzwa zvakanyanya. Inzvimbo yekudzidza inopa hurongwa hwekuongorora kuti mitemo yezvehupfumi nehurongwa zvinobatana sei nezvematongerwo enyika, padanho remunharaunda nepasi rose. Kuburikidza nekunzwisisa zviri nani hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, tinogona kugadzira mitemo inoshanda, yakaenzana, uye inogara kwenguva refu. Sevanhu, ruzivo rwehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika runogonawo kutipa ruzivo rwekuti tive vagari vane ruzivo rwakawanda uye vanotsoropodza mukuongorora sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi dzinokanganisa hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Saka, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakakosha kwete chete kune vadzidzi nevanoita mitemo, asiwo kune veruzhinji vari kutsvaga kuvaka ramangwana riri nani.
