Dzidziso yezvehupfumi yeNeoclassical: Nheyo, Kushanduka-shanduka, uye Mhedzisiro
Mukufunga kwehupfumi, Neoclassical Economic Theory ine nzvimbo huru, ichitungamira tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzedzidzo dzemazuva ano, kugadzira mitemo, uye hurukuro. Chikoro ichi chepfungwa, chakatanga kushanda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, chaida kutsanangura mashandiro anoita vanhu nemakambani mumisika, chichishanda sebhiriji pakati pehupfumi hwekare nekunzwisisa kwemazuva ano maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehupfumi nemigumisiro.
Nheyo dzeNeoclassical Economics
Neoclassical economics inotangira pamabasa evatanga basa vakaita saWilliam Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger, naLéon Walras. Nyanzvi idzi dzezvehupfumi dzakachinja pfungwa yekuongorora hupfumi kubva pakukosha mukugadzira kuenda pakukosha mukutsinhana. Chinhu chikuru mudzidziso yavo yaive pfungwa yekushandiswa kwemari shoma, iyo inoti kukosha kwechinhu kana sevhisi kunotsanangurwa nekushandiswa kwacho kwemari shoma - kugutsikana kwekuwedzera kana bhenefiti inobva mukushandisa imwe unit. Nheyo yekuderedza kushandiswa kwemari shoma, iyo inoratidza kuti kugutsikana kwekuwedzera kunoderera sezvo kushandiswa kuchiwedzera, yakava musimboti wedzidziso yevatengi.
Chinhu chikuru chepfungwa dzekare ndechekuwana kuenzana kwemusika, uko kudiwa nekugoverwa zvinosangana kuti zvione mutengo nehuwandu hwezvinhu nemasevhisi. Alfred Marshall, mumwe munhu akakosha, akatanga pfungwa yekuenzana kwemitengo yekudiwa nekugoverwa, achivandudza ongororo yekuenzana kwemusika.
Pfungwa Huru
Dzidziso yezvehupfumi yeNeoclassical inotsamira papfungwa dzinoverengeka dziri pasi apa:
1. Maitiro Akanaka: Vanhu vane pfungwa dzakanaka, vanoita sarudzo dzine chinangwa chekuwedzera kukosha kwevatengi uye purofiti kumakambani.
2. Ruzivo Rwakakwana: Vese vari mumusika vane ruzivo rwakakwana uye rwakakwana nezvemitengo nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha.
3. Kuongorora Kwemari: Sarudzo dzehupfumi dzinoitwa pamucheto, tichifunga nezvemamwe mabhenefiti nemari yekuwedzera kana kushoma.
4. Zvinodiwa uye Mashandisirwo: Zvinodiwa zvinopihwa uye zvinoenderana, zvichibvumira kuwanikwa kwemabasa ekushandisa.
5. Sarudzo Yenguva: Vanhu vanoita sarudzo kwete zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo chete asiwo vachifunga nezvemabhenefiti nemitengo yeramangwana.
Muenzaniso weKambani
Muhurongwa hwekare, makambani anoonekwa sevanhu vanoita sarudzo vachivavarira kuwedzera purofiti. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusarudza mwero wakakodzera wezvinobuda apo mari shoma yakaenzana nemari shoma. Basa rekugadzira rekambani, rinoratidza hukama huripo pakati pezvinowanikwa nezvinobva, rinoratidza kudzikira kwemari inowanikwa muchikamu chepakati munguva pfupi. Kugadziriswa kwenguva refu kunoita kuti zvese zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kusiyana, zvichitungamira kupfungwa dzakadai sehupfumi hwechikamu uye kudzoka muchikamu chepakati.
Market Structures
Dzidziso yeNeoclassical inoratidza maumbirwo akasiyana emusika: makwikwi akakwana, monopolistic, monopolistic competition, uye oligopoly:
– Makwikwi Akakwana: Anoratidzwa nemakambani mazhinji anotengesa zvigadzirwa zvakafanana pasina kambani imwe chete inopesvedzera mutengo wemusika. Kubudirira kwehupfumi kunofungidzirwa kuti kuri padanho rakakwirira pano, nezviwanikwa zvichigoverwa nenzira yakanakisisa.
– Monopoly: Kambani imwe chete ndiyo inonyanya kutonga pamusika, zvichikonzera mitengo yakakwira uye kudzikira kwemari inotengeswa nevatengi.
- Makwikwi eMonopolistic: Makambani mazhinji anotengesa zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichibvumira simba remitengo.
– Oligopoly: Makambani mashoma anodzora musika, zvichikonzera kudyidzana kwemakambani uye mukana wekubatana.
Kuongorora uye Kushanduka-shanduka
Pasinei nekupararira kwayo, neoclassical economics yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kukuru mumakore apfuura:
– Kurerutsa zvinhu zvakanyanya: Vatsoropodzi vanoti mamodheru ekare anorerutsa maitiro evanhu zvakanyanya nekufungidzira kuti ane musoro uye ruzivo rwakakwana.
– Kukundikana Kwemusika: Kutsauka kwechokwadi, senge zvinhu zvekunze, zvinhu zveveruzhinji, uye ruzivo rusina kuenzana, zvinopikisa pfungwa yekuti misika inogara ichitungamira kune mhedzisiro yakanaka.
– Hupfumi hweMaitiro: Kukwira kwehupfumi hwemaitiro, kuchisimbisa kunzwisisa kwepfungwa muzvisarudzo zvehupfumi, kwakaratidza kusiyana kubva pamaitiro ane musoro.
Mukupindura kutsoropodzwa uku, neoclassical economics yakachinja uye yakashanduka. Mamodheru emazuva ano anosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se bounded rationality uye imperfect information. Pamusoro pezvo, dzidziso yemitambo yakabuda sechishandiso chine simba chekuongorora kudyidzana kwestrategic, kunyanya mumisika ye oligopolistic.
Mhedzisiro paMutemo uye Mashandisirwo Enyika Chaiyo
Hupfumi hweNeoclassical hunopesvedzera zvikuru mitemo yeruzhinji uye maitiro ehupfumi. Nheyo dzayo dzinotsigira sarudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitemo, dzinosanganisira:
– Mutemo weMari: Mabhangi makuru anoshandisa misimboti yekare kutungamira kupindira mumitengo yemubereko uye kuwanikwa kwemari, nechinangwa chekugadzikana kwehupfumi nekukura.
– Mutemo weKutengeserana: Dzidziso iyi inotsigira kutengeserana kwakasununguka, ichiratidza purofiti kubva mukuenzanisa uye kusununguka kwemusika.
- Mutemo uye Kusavimba: Mitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kutonga kwemunhu wese uye kutsigira makwikwi inotora kubva muruzivo rwekare pamusoro pemaumbirwo emusika uye kugara zvakanaka kwevatengi.
Kukosha Kunogara Nguva Dzose
Kunyange hazvo dzidziso itsva dzezvehupfumi nemamodheru zvichiri kuoneka, hupfumi hwekare huchiri kudzika midzi mupfungwa dzezvehupfumi dzemazuva ano. Kurongeka kwahwo kwekuongorora uye kubatana kwahwo kunopa hwaro hwekuti dzidziso itsva dzivakwe pahuri. Kungave kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvepasi rose kana fungidziro dzinotungamira mamodheru ezvehupfumi akaomarara, hupfumi hwekare huchiri kuumba kuti nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinonzwisisa uye dzinotsanangura sei nyika.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yeUpfumi yeNeoclassical inopa hurongwa hwakasimba hwekuongorora mashandiro emusika, maitiro evatengi, uye mazano ekambani. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa uye nzira dziri kuchinja, nheyo dzayo huru dzinoramba dzichikosha pakuongorora hupfumi nekugadzira mitemo. Kusimba kwedzidziso iyi uye kuchinjika kwayo kunoita kuti irambe ichikosha, zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti hupfumi hunoshanda sei uye kuti tingafamba sei mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ehupfumi mumakore anotevera.
