Mhando dzeMishonga muKupa Mazano
Kupa mazano inzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekurapa kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano hwepfungwa, matambudziko emanzwiro, uye matambudziko ehukama hwevanhu. Nzvimbo yekupa mazano inogara ichichinja inopa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekurapa, imwe neimwe yakadzika midzi mudzidziso dzakasiyana dzepfungwa nemaitiro. Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekupa ongororo yakadzama yemhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa dzinoshandiswa mukupa mazano, ichiratidza nzira dzadzo dzakasiyana, zviri mukati madzo, uye mabhenefiti adzo.
Kuziva Kwekuita Therapy (CBT)
Kurapa Nemaitiro Ekufunga Nezvepfungwa (CBT) ndeimwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzekurapa mukupa mazano. Yakagadzirwa naAaron Beck muma1960, CBT yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti pfungwa dzedu, manzwiro edu, uye maitiro edu zvakabatana. Nekuziva uye kurwisa pfungwa dzakakanganisika kana dzisingabatsire, vanhu vanogona kuchinja maitiro avo emanzwiro nemaitiro avo.
CBT inotarisa pazvinangwa uye inowanzo shanda kwenguva pfupi, zvichiita kuti ishande zvakanaka pakurapa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira kuzvidya mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, kutya, uye matambudziko ane chekuita nekushushikana. Matekiniki anoshandiswa muCBT anosanganisira kugadzirisa pfungwa, kurapwa nekuratidzwa, uye maekisesaizi ekuvaka hunyanzvi akadai senzira dzekufunga uye dzekuzorora.
Psychodynamic Therapy
Yakavakirwa padzidziso dzaSigmund Freud, kurapa kwepfungwa kunovavarira kuongorora maitiro asingazivikanwe uye kusawirirana kwakapfuura kusina kugadziriswa kunokanganisa maitiro azvino. Rudzi urwu rwekurapa rwunoongorora manzwiro nepfungwa zvakadzika midzi zvinoumba maitiro emunhu.
Kurapa kwepfungwa kunowanzogara kwenguva refu uye kunosanganisira murapi achibatsira mutengi kuwana ruzivo rwezvikonzero zvavo zvisingazivikanwe uye kusawirirana kwemanzwiro. Kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sekubatana kwakasununguka, kuongorora zviroto, uye kuchinjisa, vatengi vanogona kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwavo, zvichitungamira mukukura kwepfungwa kwakakosha uye kwenguva refu.
Humanistic Therapy
Kurapa kwevanhu, kunozivikanwawo sekurapa kunotarisa munhu, kwakagadzirwa naCarl Rogers. Kunosimbisa kunaka kwemuviri uye mukana wekuti munhu wese azvione. Pane kutarisa pane zvisina kunaka pamunhu, kurapwa kwevanhu kunosimbisa kukura kwemunhu, rusununguko, uye kuzviongorora.
Murapi anopa nzvimbo isingatongi, ine tsitsi, uye inotsigira, zvichibvumira varwere kuti vaongorore manzwiro avo nepfungwa dzavo pachena. Nzira dzinoshandiswa mukurapa kwehunhu dzinosanganisira kuteerera zvine kushingaira, kukoshesa zvinhu zvakanaka pasina muganhu, uye kutaura kwekufungisisa, zvichikurudzira varwere kuti vazive nzira dzavo dzekuzvivandudza uye kugutsikana.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Pakutanga yakagadzirwa naMarsha Linehan kurapa dambudziko rehunhu hweborderline, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) inosanganisa nheyo dzinobva muhunyanzvi hwekufunga-maitiro uye maitiro ekufunga. DBT inotarisa pakubatsira vatengi kuvaka hunyanzvi munzvimbo ina dzakakosha: kudzora manzwiro, kushivirira kushungurudzika, kushanda zvakanaka kwevanhu, uye kufunga.
DBT inowanzoshandiswa kurapa zvirwere zvakaita sekuzviuraya kwenguva refu, maitiro ekuzvikuvadza, uye kusagadzikana kwakanyanya kwepfungwa. Maitiro ayo akarongeka anosanganisira kurapwa kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe, kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hweboka, kudzidziswa nefoni, uye mapoka ekupa mazano kune vanorapa, zvichikurudzira rutsigiro rwakasiyana-siyana kune vatengi.
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization uye Kudzokorora)
Kurapa kweEMDR kwakagadzirirwa kubatsira vanhu kugadzirisa uye kupora kubva muzviitiko zvinoshungurudza. Yakagadzirwa naFrancine Shapiro, EMDR inoshandisa kukurudzira kwemativi maviri, senge mafambiro emaziso kana kubata, ukuwo munhu achiyeuka ndangariro dzinoshungurudza.
Maitiro aya anobatsira kugadzirisa ndangariro dzinoshungurudza uye kuderedza kusimba kwemanzwiro anokonzerwa nadzo. EMDR inonyanya kushanda pakurapa chirwere chekushushikana mushure mekutambudzika (PTSD) asi inoshandiswawo kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekuzvidya mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, uye matambudziko ekutya.
Kurapa Kwehurongwa Hwemhuri
Kurapa Kwehurongwa Hwemhuri, kunotungamirirwa nevakatanga basa vakaita saMurray Bowen naVirginia Satir, kunotarisa matambudziko emunhu mukati memhuri. Kurapa uku kunotarisa pakuvandudza kutaurirana nehukama mukati memhuri, zvichibatsira nhengo kunzwisisa mafambiro nemaitiro zvinopesvedzera maitiro avo.
Kupindira mukurapa kwehurongwa hwemhuri kunogona kusanganisira genograms, iyo inotsanangura nhoroondo yemhuri nehukama, kurovedza muviri kwekutamba, uye kuveza mhuri, uko nhengo dzemhuri dzinozvironga kuti dzimiririre hukama hwavo hwemanzwiro. Maitiro aya anovavarira kukurudzira maitiro ekudyidzana ane hutano uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana.
Narrative Therapy
Nzira yekurapa nyaya, yakagadzirwa naMichael White naDavid Epston, yakavakirwa pakutenda kuti vanhu vanovaka hunhu hwavo kuburikidza nenyaya dzavanotaura nezvehupenyu hwavo. Nzira iyi yekurapa inobatsira vatengi kuronga patsva nekunyora patsva nyaya dzavo nenzira inovapa simba.
Varapi venyaya vanoshanda pamwe chete nevatengi kuti vaone uye vapikise nyaya dzinonyanya kukonzera matambudziko. Kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sekubvisa munhu kubva padambudziko (kuparadzanisa munhu nedambudziko) uye kuratidza simba redambudziko, vatengi vanogona kugadzira dzimwe nyaya dzakanaka dzinokurudzira kupora nekukura.
Gestalt Therapy
Kurapa kweGestalt, kwakatangwa naFritz Perls, kunosimbisa kuziva kwenguva ino uye hunhu hwakazara hwezviitiko zvevanhu. Kunoshanda papfungwa yekuti matambudziko asina kugadziriswa uye maGestalts asina kukwana (maitiro) ndiwo anokonzera kushungurudzika kwepfungwa.
Mukurapa kweGestalt, varwere vanokurudzirwa kuti vanzwe uye vataure manzwiro avo panguva ino, kazhinji kuburikidza nenzira dzekuita zvinhu dzakadai sekutamba-tamba, kurovedza muviri pachigaro chisina munhu, uye zviitiko zvekuziva muviri. Nzira iyi ine chinangwa chekubatanidza mativi akapatsanuka emunhu, zvichikurudzira pfungwa yakakwana uye yechokwadi yekuvapo.
Kurapa Nevanhu (IPT)
Kurapa Nevanhu (IPT) inzira yekurapa ine nguva shoma, yakarongeka inotarisa pakuvandudza hukama hwevanhu pamwe nekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Yakagadzirwa naGerald Klerman naMyrna Weissman, IPT inonyanya kutaura nezvenyaya dzine chekuita nekushanda kwevanhu pamwe nemaitiro ehukama.
IPT inoshanda zvikuru pakurapa kushungurudzika uye inowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete nemishonga. Inosanganisira kuona nekugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana evanhu, akadai sekusuruvara kusina kugadziriswa, kuchinja kwemabasa, kusawirirana kwemabasa, uye kusakwana kwevanhu. Kuburikidza nekuvandudza hunyanzvi hwekutaurirana uye hukama, vatengi vanogona kuwana zororo guru kubva kuzviratidzo zvavo.
Kurapa Kunobatanidza uye Kurapa Kwepfungwa
Nzira dzekurapa dzinobatanidza uye dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekurapa kuti dzienderane nezvinodiwa nemunhu mumwe nemumwe. Pane kutevedzera pfungwa imwe chete, varapi vanobatanidza vanoshandisa dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro kuti vagadzire nzira yakasarudzika.
Kuchinjika uku kunobvumira varapi kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana uye kugadzirisa nzira dzavo sezvo kurapa kuri kufambira mberi. Kurapa kwakabatana kunogona kusanganisira zvinhu zveCBT, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, nezvimwewo, zvichipa hurongwa hwakazara hwekupora nekukura.
mhedziso
Maitikiro ekurapa mukupa mazano akapfuma uye akasiyana-siyana, achipa nzira dzakawanda dzekuporesa manzwiro nekukura kwemunhu. Kungave kuburikidza nenzira yakarongeka, ine chinangwa yeCBT, nzira dzakadzama dzekuongorora dzekurapa kwepfungwa, kana nzira dzakazara uye dzakatarisana neGestalt therapy, kune nzira yekurapa yakakodzera munhu wese. Kunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa idzi kunogona kupa simba vanhu kuti vatsvage nzira yakakodzera uye inoshanda yekupa mazano kune zvavanoda, zvichizopedzisira zvakurudzira rwendo rwekugara zvakanaka nekugutsikana.
