Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeDzidziso yeKurovana
Pendauluan
Dzidziso yekubatana ipfungwa huru mukemistri inotsanangura kuti sei uye nei maitiro emakemikari anoitika. Yakatanga kutaurwa naMax Trautz naWilliam Lewis pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Sekureva kwedzidziso iyi, maitiro emakemikari anoitika kana zvikamu zve reactant zvikabonderana zvine simba rakakwana uye nenzira chaiyo.
Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso zvine chekuita nedzidziso yekubatana uye mhinduro dzazvo kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama pfungwa iyi. Pakupera kwechinyorwa, vaverengi vanofanira kunge vanzwisisa nzira dzekutanga dzedzidziso yekubatana uye mashandisirwo ayo mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ematambudziko emakemikari.
Dzidziso Yekutanga Yekuroverana
Dzidziso yekuroverana inoti zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvinosarudza kana kuroverana kuchaguma nekuita kwemakemikari:
1. Simba reKushanda (Ea): Simba shoma rinodiwa pakusangana pakati pemamorekuru anoita reactant kuti pagadzirwe zvigadzirwa.
2. Kurongeka kwemamorekuru: Nzvimbo yemamorekuru paanorongana inokoshawo zvikuru. Kurongana kunozoguma nekuita kana mamorekuru akarongeka nemazvo.
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Dzidziso Yekuroverana
1. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinokonzeresa kusanganiswa kwemakemikari: Kana huwandu hwezvinhu zvinokonzeresa kusanganiswa hukakwira, mukana wekuti mamorekuru anokonzeresa kusanganiswa kwemakemikari unowedzera.
2. Tembiricha: Kuwedzera kwetembiricha kunowanzo wedzera simba remamorekuru, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuroverana kwakawanda kune simba riri pamusoro pesimba rekuita kuti zvinhu zvishande.
3. Catalyst: Basa re catalyst nderekudzikisa simba rekushanda kuitira kuti kugongana kwakawanda kubudirire.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nehurukuro
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Mhedzisiro yeKuisa Pfungwa Pamwe Chete
Mubvunzo:
Kana huwandu hwemorekuru A mu reaction `A + B -> C` hwakapetwa kaviri, reaction rate ichachinja sei zvichienderana necollision theory?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvichienderana nedzidziso yekugongana, chiyero chekuita chinoenderana nekuwanda kwekugongana pakati pezvikamu A naB. Kana huwandu hweA hukapetwa kaviri, huwandu hwekugongana pakati pemamorekuru A naB huchawedzerawo. Kazhinji, tinogona kutaura kuti chiyero chekuita chichapetwa kaviri.
Zvisinei, muzviitiko zvakawanda, maitiro ane kurongeka kwakaoma. Pakuita kwekutanga maererano neA, kuwedzera kaviri huwandu hweA kunokonzera kuwedzera kaviri kwehuwandu hwemaitiro:
\[ r = k[A][B] \museve wekurudyi r' = k[2A][B] = 2r \]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Mhedzisiro yeTembiricha
Mubvunzo:
Kuitika kwechinhu chimwe chete (reaction) kune simba rekuita kuti chinhu chishande re50 kJ/mol. Kana tembiricha ikawedzera kubva pa300 K kusvika pa310 K, chiyero chekuita chichachinja sei zvichienderana nedzidziso yekubatana uye Arrhenius factor?
Kukurukurirana:
Kupisa kwakanyanya kunowedzera simba remamorekuru, zvichikonzera kuti mamorekuru akawanda ave nesimba rakakura kupfuura kana kuti rakaenzana nesimba rekuita kuti zvinhu zvishande. Izvi zvinowanzotsanangurwa neArrhenius equation:
\[
k = Ae^{-\frac{Ea}{RT}}
\]
Dimana:
– \( k \) ndiyo chiyero chinoramba chiripo chemhinduro
– \( A \) chinhu chinoratidza kuti munhu anotanga kuratidza ruzivo rwake
– \( Ea \) ndiyo simba rekugadzirisa
– \( R \) ndiyo gasi risingaperi (8.314 J/mol·K)
– \( T \) ndiyo tembiricha iri muKelvin
Tinogona kutora logarithm yechisikigo yeArrhenius equation:
\[
\ln k = \ln A – \frac{Ea}{RT}
\]
Kuti tiverenge shanduko muhuwandu hwekuita, tinotora chiyero chema "rate constants" patembiricha mbiri dzakasiyana:
\[
\frac{k_2}{k_1} = \frac{Ae^{-\frac{Ea}{R \cdot T2}}}{Ae^{-\frac{Ea}{R \cdot T1}}} = e^{\left(-\frac{Ea}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T2} – \frac{1}{T1}\right)\right)}
\]
Kupinda ma "values" akapihwa:
\[
k_1 = Ae^{-\frac{50000}{8.314 \times 300}}
\]
\[
k_2 = Ae^{-\frac{50000}{8.314 \times 310}}
\]
Kuverenga shanduko:
\[
\frac{k_2}{k_1} = e^{\left(-\frac{50000}{8.314}\left(\frac{1}{310} – \frac{1}{300}\right)\right)}
\]
\[
= e^{\left(-6012.9 \times (-0.00010753)\right)}
\]
\[
= e^{0.646}
\]
\[
\inenge 1.91
\]
Saka, kuwedzera tembiricha kubva pa300 K kusvika pa310 K kunopeta kaviri reaction rate, neinenge 91%.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Mhedzisiro yeCatalysts
Mubvunzo:
Mukuita kwekuita, kuwedzerwa kwe catalyst kunokurumidzisa kuita kwekuita ...
Kukurukurirana:
Shandisa Arrhenius equation kuverenga zviyero zviviri:
\[
k_{uncat} = Ae^{-\frac{75000}{8.314 \times 298}}
\]
\[
k_{cat} = Ae^{-\frac{50000}{8.314 \times 298}}
\]
Zvadaro, chiyero chiripo pakati peaya maviri maitiro ekuita ndeichi:
\[
\frac{k_{cat}}{k_{uncat}} = \frac{e^{-\frac{50000}{8.314 \times 298}}}{e^{-\frac{75000}{8.314 \times 298}}
\]
\[
= e^{\left(\frac{75000 – 50000}{8.314 \times 298}\right)}
\]
\[
= e^{10.075}
\]
\[
\inenge 23685
\]
Chiyero ichi chinoratidza kuti nekuwedzera chinhu chinobatsira, chiyero chemhinduro chinogona kuwedzera kusvika zviuru zvenguva, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru.
Mhedziso
Kuburikidza nemienzaniso iri pamusoro apa, tinogona kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti dzidziso yekukonana inotsanangura sei mhedzisiro yekukochekerana, tembiricha, uye zvinhu zvinokonzera kukanganiswa kwemakemikari. Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chine simba rakasiyana uye rakakosha pakuwanda uye simba rekukonana, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvaita kuti mhinduro yemakemikari ikurumidze kuitika. Nekushandisa dzidziso yekukonana, tinogona kugadzira kuyedza kunoshanda uye maitiro eindasitiri yemakemikari.
