Musoro: Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana pamusoro peDzidziso kubva kuProkaryotic kuenda kuEukaryotic
Pendauluan
Muzvidzidzo zvebhayoloji, imwe yenyaya dzakakosha dzinokurukurwa ndeyekushanduka kubva kuzvisikwa zveprokaryotic kuenda kuzvisikwa zveeukaryotic. MaProkaryotes zvipenyu zvine sero rimwe chete zvisina nucleus uye organelles dzakasungwa nemembrane, dzakadai sebhakitiriya uye archaea. Panguva imwecheteyo, maEukaryotes zvipenyu zvine masero ane nucleus chaiyo uye organelles dzakasungwa nemembrane, kusanganisira mhuka, zvirimwa, fungi, uye maProtists. Dzidziso iyi yekushanduka-shanduka ndeimwe yezviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yehupenyu pasi pano.
Dzidziso inozivikanwa zvikuru inotsanangura shanduko iyi idzidziso ye endosymbiosis, yakatanga kufarirwa naLynn Margulis muna 1967. Dzidziso iyi inoti eukaryotes dzakashanduka kubva pahukama hwekubatana pakati pemasero akawanda eprokaryotic. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora matambudziko emuenzaniso uye chichakurukura dzidziso iyi, iyo inotarisira kuti ichabatsira kunzwisisa kushanduka-shanduka kwemasero.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Tsanangura dzidziso ye endosymbiosis uye taura humbowo hunotsigira dzidziso iyi.
Kukurukurirana:
Dzidziso ye endosymbiosis inotsanangura kuti ma organelles akadai se mitochondria nema chloroplasts mumasero eukaryotic akabva kuma prokaryotes anorarama ari mukati memasero e eukaryotic ekare. Pakutanga, sero re aerobic prokaryotic rakapinda mune rimwe sero guru re prokaryotic se endosymbiont. Nekufamba kwenguva, hukama hwe symbiotic hwakabatsira mapato ese ari maviri, nesero remugadziri richibatsirwa nekugona kwe endosymbiont metabolic, nepo endosymbiont yakagamuchira nharaunda yakachengeteka uye zviwanikwa. Pakupedzisira, endosymbiont iyi yakashanduka kuita organelle.
Uchapupu hunotsigira dzidziso ye endosymbiosis hunosanganisira:
1. Mitochondria nema chloroplast ane DNA yavo yakatenderera yakafanana neDNA yemabhakitiriya.
2. Maorganelle ese aya ane mamembrane maviri, zvichiratidza kuti membrane layer imwe chete inobva muphagocytic vesicles yemugadziri wemasero.
3. Mitochondria nema chloroplast zvinoberekana zvakazvimiririra kubva musero kuburikidza ne binary fission, nzira inoshandiswa nema prokaryotes.
4. Ongororo yephylogenetic inoratidza kuti majini ari mumitochondria nema chloroplast akafanana nemajini ebhakitiriya pane majini ari mu eukaryotic nucleus.
Mubvunzo 2: Ipa muenzaniso wechinhu chinotsigira dzidziso ye endosymbiosis.
Kukurukurirana:
Muenzaniso mumwe wechinhu chinotsigira dzidziso ye endosymbiosis iAmoeba proteus ne endosymbiont yayo yemabhakitiriya. Amoeba proteus iprotozoan ye eukaryotic inogona kuumba hukama hwekubatsirana nemabhakitiriya ne algae. Hukama uhwu hunotibvumira kuona chimiro chekutanga chehukama hwe endosymbiosis.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndiCyanophora paradoxa, nyanzvi ye eukaryotic ine cyanelles, organelles dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinonzi endosymbionts dze cyanobacteria. Kuvapo kwezvisikwa izvi kunoratidza hukama hwekubatana hwakaramba huchiumba ma chloroplast mune zvimwe zvipenyu zvinogadzira photosynthesis.
Mubvunzo 3: Mitochondria nema chloroplast zvingaonekwa sei semhedzisiro yekushanduka-shanduka kubva kuma prokaryotes?
Kukurukurirana:
Mitochondria nema chloroplast zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakashanduka kubva kuma prokaryotes nekuda kwekufanana kwataurwa pamusoro apa, sekuvapo kweDNA yakatenderera uye kubereka kuburikidza ne binary fission. Uyezve, ongororo yemajini inoratidza kuti ma chloroplast anobva ku cyanobacteria uye mitochondria kubva ku proteobacteria. Ruzivo rwemamorekuru runoratidza kuti mamwe majini ari mu mitochondria nema chloroplasts akafanana zvikuru nemajini ari mune mamwe mabhakitiriya.
Maitiro aya ekushanduka-shanduka angangodaro akaitika kuburikidza nematanho akati wandei, danho rekutanga riri chipenyu cheprokaryotic chinogara munzvimbo ine probiotic yakawanda. Kunyudzwa uye kuchengetwa kwe endosymbionts hakuna kungopa chete zvakanakira metabolic asi kwakachinjawo kugona kwechipenyu kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichikonzera mukana wakakura wekushanduka-shanduka.
Mubvunzo 4: Ndeipi misiyano mikuru iri pakati pemasero eprokaryotic nemasero eukaryotic kubva pamaonero ekushanda kwechimiro?
Kukurukurirana:
Misiyano mikuru pakati pemasero eprokaryotic ne eukaryotic inosanganisira:
1. Kuvapo kweNucleus: Masero eEukaryotic ane nucleus chaiyo inodzivirirwa ne membrane yenyukireya, nepo masero eprokaryotic asina nucleus; DNA yavo iri mu cytoplasm munzvimbo inonzi nucleoid.
2. Maumbirwo eDNA: DNA iri mumasero eprokaryotic yakatenderera uye iri nyore, nepo DNA iri mueukaryotes yakaoma uye yakatsetseka ine mahistones anoumba chromatin.
3. MaOrganelles Akasungwa neMembrane: Masero eEukaryotic ane maorganelles akasiyana-siyana akasungwa nemembrane, akadai semitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, uye endoplasmic reticulum. Masero eProkaryotic haana maorganelles aya.
4. Kukura Kwesero: Kazhinji, masero eukaryotic akakura kupfuura masero eprokaryotic.
5. Kupatsanurwa kweSero: Masero eProkaryotic anopatsanurana binary, nepo masero eukaryotic anopatsanurana kuburikidza ne mitosis kana meiosis.
Mhedziso
Kuchinja kubva kuzvinhu zvipenyu zveprokaryotic kuenda kuzvinhu zvipenyu zve eukaryotic kwaive danho rakakosha mukushanduka kwehupenyu panyika. Kuburikidza nedzidziso ye endosymbiosis, tinonzwisisa kuti ma prokaryotes akashanduka sei kuita masero akaomarara eukaryotic, anokwanisa kuumba kuomarara kwehupenyu sezvatinozviziva nhasi. Kunzwisisa mashandiro uye humbowo huri shure kwedzidziso iyi kunobatsira kutsanangura kusiyana-siyana uye kushanduka kwezvisikwa panyika yedu. Nokudaro, kudzidza mibvunzo nezvedzidziso iyi kuchawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwekwakabva marudzi akasiyana-siyana enyika.
