Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotsanangura Mazita eMakomponi Ezvinhu Zvakagadzirwa Nezvisikwa
Kemistri yeorganic ibazi rekemistri rinoongorora chimiro, hunhu, kuumbwa, maitiro, uye kugadzirwa kwemakemikari ekabhoni, mamorekuru makuru ehupenyu. Mukemistri yeorganic, kutumidza chinhu chakagadzirwa nemakemikari hakusi kwega. Kune mitemo yakajairika inozivikanwa seIUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Mazita emakemikari anoshandiswa kutumidza aya makemikari eorganic. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko nekukurukurirana kwawo maererano nemazita emakemikari eorganic zvichibva pamitemo yeIUPAC.
Nhanganyaya yeMazita eOrganic Compound
Tisati tatanga kukurukura mibvunzo iyi, zvingava zvakanaka kuti tiongorore muchidimbu mitemo yekutanga yemazita emakemikari emusanganiswa wezvinhu zvakasikwa:
1. Kuziva cheni huru: Cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose ine boka guru rinoshanda.
2. Kuverengwa kwemaatomu ekabhoni muketani huru: Kuverengwa kunoitwa kuitira kuti boka guru rinoshanda riwane nhamba yakaderera.
3. Mazita ezvigaro: Mapoka ezvigaro akabatanidzwa necheni huru anotumidzwa mazita uye anoiswa panzvimbo zvichienderana nenhamba yeatomu yekabhoni yaakabatanidzwa.
4. Kana paine ma "substituent" anopfuura rimwe chete, anorongwa ne "alfabheti", uye kana paine ma "substituent" anopfuura rimwe chete erudzi rumwe chete, shandisa chivakashure di-, tri-, tetra-, nezvimwewo.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1
Ipa zita reIUPAC remushonga unotevera:
Kukurukurirana:
1. Tsvaga cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose: Tine cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose ine maatomu matanhatu ekabhoni, saka ndiyo cheni huru.
2. Boka guru rinoshanda: Pano tinoona boka realcohol (-OH) panhamba 2 yekabhoni.
3. Kuverenga nhamba huru: Kuverenga nhamba kunotanga kubva kumagumo ari pedyo neboka re -OH kuitira kuti -OH ive panhamba 2 yekabhoni.
4. Zvimwe zvinotsiva: Pane boka re methyl (-CH₃) pane kabhoni nhamba 4.
Zita reIUPAC: 4-methylhexane-2-ol
Mubvunzo 2
Ipa zita reIUPAC remushonga unotevera:
Kukurukurirana:
1. Tsvaga cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose inosanganisira boka guru rebasa: cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose ine maatomu manomwe.
2. Boka guru rinoshanda: Tinowana boka remakabhokisi (carboxylic acid) pamagumo echeni.
3. Kuverenga nhamba dzecheni: Kuverenga nhamba kunotanga kubva kumagumo ane boka re carboxylate.
4. Zvimwe zvinotsiva: Pane boka re ethyl (-C₂H₅) pane kabhoni nhamba 3.
Zita reIUPAC: 3-ethylheptanoate
Mubvunzo 3
Sarudza zita reIUPAC remusanganiswa unotevera:
Kukurukurirana:
1. Tsvaga cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose ine chinotsiva chikuru (cheni yehwaro: maatomu mashanu ekabhoni).
2. Boka guru rinoshanda: Hapana chakavakirwa pamifananidzo, tarisa pane zvinotsiva.
3. Kuronga nhamba dzecheni kubva kumagumo ari pedyo nechinhu chikuru chinotsiva.
4. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinotsiva: kune mapoka echloro (-Cl) panhamba dzekabhoni 2 ne4.
Zita reIUPAC: 2,4-dichloro-pentane
Mubvunzo 4
Zita reIUPAC rechikamu chinotevera:
Kukurukurirana:
1. Cheni yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose (ine maatomu matatu ekabhoni).
2. Boka guru rinoshanda: Boka reAlcohol (-OH) riri panhamba 1 yekabhoni.
3. Hapana zvimwe zvinotsiva.
Zita reIUPAC: propan-1-ol
Mubvunzo 5
Ipa zita reIUPAC rechikamu chinotevera checyclic:
Kukurukurirana:
1. Maumbirwo emuchina wekutanga: Cyclohexane (maatomu matanhatu ekabhoni).
2. Mapoka makuru anoshanda: Boka reAlcohol (-OH) panhamba 1 yekabhoni uye ethyl panhamba 4 yekabhoni.
3. Taura zvimwe zvinotsiva zviri muchikamu che "cyclic".
Zita reIUPAC: 4-ethyl-cyclohexanol
Mibvunzo Yekuwedzera Yekudzidzira
Kuti unzwisise zvakawanda, heano mimwe mibvunzo yaunogona kuedza:
1. Zita reIUPAC remusanganiswa unotevera nderei? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH
2. Ipa zita reIUPAC rekuti: CH₃-CH₂-CHO
3. Sarudza zita reIUPAC remusanganiswa unotevera: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
4. Zita reIUPAC remusanganiswa unotevera nderei? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-COCl
5. Ipa zita reIUPAC remusanganiswa wecyclic: C₆H₆ nechinhu chimwe chete chinotsiva methyl (-CH₃).
Nheyo dzeKutumidza Mapoka Anoshanda Akawanda
1. MaAlkanes: Ane carbon-carbon (CC) σ bonds chete.
2. MaAlkenes: Ane kanenge kabhoni kamwechete kaviri (C=C).
3. MaAlkynes: Ane kanenge chisungo chimwe chete chetatu (C≡C).
4. Doro: Rine boka rehydroxyl functional (-OH).
5. Aldehydes: Ine boka reformyl (-CHO).
6. Ketone: Ine boka recarbonyl (C=O) rakakomberedzwa nemapoka maviri ealkyl.
7. Carboxylic Acid: Ine boka re carboxyl (–COOH).
8. Ester: Ine boka recarbonyl (C=O) rakasungirirwa ku -OR.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa mazita emakemikari emusanganiswa weorganic kwakakosha pakutaurirana kwakajeka uye kudzivirira kuvhiringidzika mukudzidza kemesitiri. Nekudzidzira kutumidza mazita emakemikari aya zvichienderana nemitemo yeIUPAC, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nyore uye kuisa mumapoka marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakemikari emusanganiswa atinosangana nawo. Chinyorwa chino inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga yekuongorora zvakadzama munyika yekemesitiri yemusanganiswa weorganic uye mazita ayo. Ramba uchidzidzira nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana uye kutsvakurudza kuti unzwisise zvakadzama.
