Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Inotsanangura Maitiro eatomu uye Tafura yePeriodic yeElements
Pendauluan
Maumbirwo eatomu netafura yeperiodic yezvinhu ipfungwa huru mukemistri dzinoumba hwaro hwekunzwisisa hunhu uye maitiro ezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yezvinetso zvine chekuita neumbirwo hweatomu netafura yeperiodic yezvinhu, pamwe nekukurukura nezvazvo zvakadzama.
Maumbirwo eatomu
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kugadziriswa kweElectron
Mubvunzo: Sarudza mamiriro eelektroni eatomu yeCalcium (Ca) ine nhamba yeatomu 20.
Kukurukurirana:
Calcium ine nhamba yemaatomu makumi maviri, zvichireva kuti ine maerekitironi makumi maviri. Kuti tizive marongerwo ayo emaerekitironi, tinofanira kugovera maerekitironi zvichienderana nepfungwa yeAufbau, iyo inozadza orbitals kubva padanho repasi resimba kusvika padanho repamusoro resimba.
1. 1s^2 (maerekitironi maviri)
2. 2s^2 (maerekitironi maviri)
3. 2p^6 (maerekitironi matanhatu)
4. 3s^2 (maerekitironi maviri)
5. 3p^6 (maerekitironi matanhatu)
6. 4s^2 (maerekitironi maviri)
Saka, chimiro chemaerekitironi cheCalcium (Ca) ndeche 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Nhamba dzeQuantum
Mubvunzo: Sarudza kukosha kwenhamba ye quantum ye elektroni yekupedzisira muatomu yeOxygen (O) ine nhamba yeatomu 8.
Kukurukurirana:
Okisijeni ine nhamba yeatomu 8, saka marongerwo ayo emaerekitironi ndeaya:
1s^2 2s^2 2p^4
Electron yekupedzisira iri muokisijeni iri mu2p orbital. Tinofanira kuziva nhamba yequantum yeelectron iyi:
- Nhamba huru yehuwandu (n): 2 (nekuti iri mugoko rechipiri)
– Nhamba yeAzimuthal quantum (l): 1 (nekuda kwep orbital)
– Nhamba ye magnetic quantum (m_l): -1, 0, +1 (p orbit inogona kuva nematanho matatu)
- Nhamba ye quantum ye spin (m_s): +1/2 kana -1/2 (maerekitironi anogona kuva nematanho maviri ekutenderera)
Pa electron yekupedzisira mu 2p^4, ma electron anozadzwa zvichienderana nemutemo waHund, saka anotora imwe ye m_l orientation. Semuenzaniso, kune m_l = 0 orientation, nhamba dze quantum ndeidzi:
– n = 2
– l = 1
– m_l = 0
– m_s = +1/2 kana -1/2 (zvichienderana nekutenderera kwemaerekitironi)
Tafura yePeriodic yeElements
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Hunhu hwezvinhu zvenguva nenguva
Mubvunzo: Enzanisa saizi yemaatomu e sodium (Na) ne chlorine (Cl) wopa chikonzero chekusiyana kwehukuru.
Kukurukurirana:
Sodium neklorini zviri munguva imwe chete (nguva yechitatu) asi mumapoka akasiyana:
– Na ari muboka rekutanga
- Cl iri muboka rechi17
Saizi yemaatomu (atomic radius) inoderera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mukati menguva nekuti kuwedzera kwesimba renyukireya (mapurotoni akawanda) kunoita kuti maerekitironi ari mugoko rimwe chete adhonzwe zvakasimba. Izvi zvinoita kuti maekitironi adhonzwe pedyo nenucleus.
Saka, saizi yeatomu yesodium (Na) yakakura kupfuura yechlorine (Cl) nekuti Na inowanikwa kare munguva iyoyo. Nemamwe mashoko, maerekitironi eNa's valence akaparadzaniswa zvakanyanya kupfuura eCl, saka Na ine atomu radius yakakura.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4: Nhamba yeOxidation
Mubvunzo: Sarudza nhamba yekuoxidation yechinhu chesarufa muH2SO4.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tizive huwandu hwe oxidation yesarufa mu sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), tinotevera mitemo yekuona huwandu hwe oxidation:
– Hydrogen (H) inowanzova nenhamba yekuoxidation ye +1.
– Okisijeni (O) kazhinji ine nhamba yekuoxidation ye -2.
Ngatifungei kuti nhamba ye oxidation ye sarufa mu H₂SO₄ ndi x. Zvadaro, zvichienderana nemutemo, nhamba yese ye oxidation mumorekuru imwe chete inofanira kuenzana ne total charge yemorekuru (iyo isina kwayakarerekera ndeye 0):
Mari:
2(H) + 1(S) + 4(O) = 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 2 + x – 8 = 0
Kuverenga x:
2 + x – 8 = 0
x – 6 = 0
x = +6
Saka, nhamba yekuoxidation yesarufa (S) muH₂SO₄ ndeye +6.
Kuchinja kwemakemikari
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 5: Kuitazve
Mubvunzo: Sei fluorine (F) ichinyanya kushanda kupfuura chlorine (Cl)?
Kukurukurirana:
Kuitika kwema halogen (boka 17) kunowanzo kudzikira nekuwedzera kwenhamba yemaatomu. Fluorine inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura chlorine nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita nemaumbirwo emaatomu:
1. Simba reIonization:
Fluorine ine simba guru re ionization kupfuura chlorine, zvichireva kuti zviri nyore kuti maatomu e fluorine akwezve maerekitironi kubva kune mamwe maatomu.
2. Kubatana kweElectron:
Fluorine ine simba guru remaerekitironi, zvinoreva kuti inowanzowana maerekitironi zviri nyore kupfuura chlorine.
3. Ukuru hweAtomu:
Fluorine ine atomu diki pane chlorine. Maerekitironi evalence ari mufluorine ari pedyo nenucleus, saka kukwezvana kwemaerekitironi matsva neelectrostatic kwakanyanya.
Saka, zvinhu zvitatu izvi pamwe chete zvinowedzera kugona kwefluorine kushanda pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kushanda kupfuura chlorine.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa marongerwo eatomu uye tafura ye periodic yezvinhu zvakakosha mukemistri. Muchinyorwa chino, takurukura matambudziko akasiyana-siyana emuenzaniso pamwe chete netsananguro dzakadzama. Izvi zvinosanganisira magadzirirwo emaerekitironi, nhamba dze quantum, hunhu hwe periodic hwezvinhu, nhamba dze oxidation, uye reactivity yemakemikari. Nekunzwisisa kwakanaka kwepfungwa idzi, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani hunhu uye maitiro ezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zviri muchadenga.
