Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inokurukura Tafura yePeriodic yeElements
Tafura yeperiodic, inozivikanwawo se periodic system, ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvakakosha mukemikari, zvichitibatsira kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu uye hukama huripo pakati pazvo. Kunzwisisa zvakakwana tafura yeperiodic kunogona kukosha mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakemikari, kubva pakuongorora zvinhu kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemakemikari. Chinyorwa chino chichapa mienzaniso yakawanda yezvinetso uye hurukuro yakazara yetafura yeperiodic kuti unzwisise zvakadzama.
Nhanganyaya kuPeriodic Table yeElements
Tafura yezvikamu zve periodic yakagadzirwa naDmitri Mendeleev muna 1869. Mendeleev akaronga zvinhu izvi zvichibva pakuwedzera kwazvinoita atomic masses uye akawana periodic patterns mumakemikari azvo. Kubva ipapo, tafura yezvikamu yakagadziridzwa kakawanda uye ikozvino yakarongwa nekuwedzera kweatomic number, inova nhamba yemaproton ari muatomu nucleus.
Zvinhu zviri mutafura yeperiodic zvakakamurwa kuita mapoka, kana kuti makoramu akamira, uye maperiod, kana mitsara yakatwasuka. Mapoka anowanzo ratidza zvinhu zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana, uye maperiod anoratidza kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kwehunhu ihwohwo.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Kusarudza Mapoka Nenguva
Mubvunzo: Wapihwa chinhu chine nhamba yeatomu 17. Sarudza boka nenguva yechinhu ichi mutafura yeperiodic.
Kukurukurirana:
Chinhu chine atomu nhamba 17 ichlorine (Cl). Kuti tizive boka nenguva yechinhu chiri patafura yeperiodic, tinofanira kuongorora marongerwo acho emaerekitironi.
Magadzirirwo e electron e chlorine ndeaya:
\[ \text{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5 \]
Mutafura yeperiodic, s na p subshells muchikamu chechitatu ndeizvi:
– 3s^2: maerekitironi maviri ari muchikamu che3s
– 3p^5: maerekitironi mashanu muchikamu che3p (maerekitironi manomwe muchikamu chechitatu)
Saka, chlorine iri muchikamu chechitatu neboka reVIIA (kana 17 zvichienderana neIUPAC yemazuva ano, nekuti inosanganisirwa muboka rehalogen rine maerekitironi manomwe evalence).
Jawaban:
Chlorine iri muboka reVIIA (17) uye chikamu chechitatu.
Mubvunzo 2: Hunhu hweMakemikoro Zvichibva Panzvimbo iri muPeriodic Table
Mubvunzo: Sei sodium (Na) nepotassium (K) zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvose sodium (Na) ine atomu nhamba 11, uye potassium (K) ine atomu nhamba 19, zviri muboka rimwe chete mu periodic table, iro boka IA (kana 1 zvichienderana neIUPAC system), inozivikanwa se alkali metals.
Magadzirirwo e electron e sodium ndeaya:
\[ \text{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 \]
Magadzirirwo e electron e potassium ndeaya:
\[ \text{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 \]
Zvinhu zvose zviri zviviri zvine erekitironi imwe chete muchikamu chekunze che s-subshell, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive ne reactive zvakanyanya uye zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana, sekukwanisa kwadzo kugadzira ma ions \( \text{M}^+ \) nekurasikirwa ne erekitironi imwe chete.
Jawaban:
Sodium nepotassium zvine erekitironi imwe chete muchikamu chekunze saka zvine hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana.
Mubvunzo 3: Kuziva maerekitironi eValence
Mubvunzo: Chinhu chine atomu nhamba 14 chine maerekitironi mangani evalence? Uyewo sarudza boka nenguva yechinhu chacho.
Kukurukurirana:
Chinhu chine atomu nhamba 14 isilicon (Si). Magadzirirwo ayo emaerekitironi ndeanoti:
\[ \text{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2 \]
Maerekitironi eValence ndiwo maerekitironi ari mugoko rekunze, iro muchiitiko ichi riri goko rechitatu:
– 3s^2: maerekitironi maviri
– 3p^2: maerekitironi maviri
Huwandu hwemaerekitironi evalence musilicon ndiyo huwandu hwemaserekiti e3s ne3p, anova maerekitironi mana. Nekuti ine maerekitironi mana mugoko rekunze, Si iri muboka reIVA (kana 14). Uye nekuti goko rekunze rakazadzwa ndiro goko rechitatu (3), Si iri muchikamu chechitatu.
Jawaban:
Silicon ine maerekitironi mana evalence, iri muboka reIVA (14) uye muchikamu chechitatu.
Mubvunzo 4: Maitiro ePeriodic muAtomic Properties
Mubvunzo: Sei paine maitiro ekuderera kweatomu radii kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mukati menguva?
Kukurukurirana:
Mukati menguva, nhamba yemaatomu nenhamba yemapurotoni ari munucleus inowedzera sezvaunofamba kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Izvi zvinowedzera kukwezvana kweCoulombic pakati penucleus nemaerekitironi akaipoteredza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maerekitironi anokwezvwa zvakanyanya nenucleus, zvichikonzera kudzikira kweatomu radius.
Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwema electron shells hunoramba hwakafanana mukati menguva, saka hapana chimwe chinhu chinodzivirira kuti chienzane nekukweva kwenyukireya kwakawedzera, izvo zvinokwevera ma electron pedyo ne nucleus zvinobudirira.
Jawaban:
Atomic radius inoderera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mukati menguva nekuti kuwedzera huwandu hwemaprotoni kunosimbisa kukwezva kwenucleus pamaerekitironi pasina kuwedzerwa maelektron shells kuderedza izvi.
Mubvunzo 5: Kuziva Zvinhu Zvichibva Pazvinhu
Mubvunzo: Chinhu igesi patembiricha yemumba, hachina simba uye chiri muboka reVIIIA (18). Sarudza chinhu chacho nenhamba yacho yemaatomu.
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinhu zvegasi zvisina simba patembiricha yemumba uye zviri muboka reVIIIA (18) zvinosanganisirwa muboka regasi rakanaka. Kune boka reVIIIA (18), chimwe chezvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvikuru iNeon (Ne).
Magadzirirwo e electron e neon ndeaya:
\[ \text{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 \]
Nemagadzirirwo ari pamusoro apa, tinogona kuona kuti ma subshells ese e neon akazadzwa zvakakwana, zvichiita kuti ive yakasimba uye isina simba. Ne ine nhamba yeatomu yegumi.
Jawaban:
Chinhu chacho chinonzi neon (Ne) chine nhamba yeatomu gumi.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa tafura ye periodic yezvinhu kwakakosha pakudzidza nekushandisa kemesitiri. Kuziva pfungwa dzakakosha dzakadai semagadzirirwo emaerekitironi, maitiro ari mutafura ye periodic, uye mapoka nenguva zvinotibvumira kugona zvinhu zvakawanda zvekemesitiri zvinobudirira. Chinyorwa chino, chine matambudziko emuenzaniso uye hurukuro yakadzama, tinotarisira kuti chichabatsira kusimbisa kunzwisisa kwako tafura ye periodic uye mashandisirwo ayo mukemesitiri.
