Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweMakomponi Ezvinhu Zvakagadzirwa neCarbon Chains
Makomikoro eorganic iboka guru remakomikoro emakemikari ane kabhoni pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu, kunyanya hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sarufa, uye halogens. Humwe hunhu hwemakomikoro eorganic kuvapo kwecheni dzekabhoni, dzinogona kuumba maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana akadai secheni dzakatwasuka, cheni dzakachekwa, kana mhete. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso zvine chekuita nemakomikoro eorganic anoumbwa necheni dzekabhoni, pamwe chete netsananguro.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo:
Benzene ndeimwe yemakemikari anozivikanwa zvikuru uye ine maatomu matanhatu ekabhoni anoumba rin'i. Taura chimiro chaLewis chebenzene uye tsanangura kugadzikana kwechimiro ichi.
Kukurukurirana:
Benzene ine fomura yemamorekuru C6H6. Maumbirwo ayo eLewis anoratidzwa semaatomu matanhatu ekabhoni anoumba hexagon, atomu yega yega ekabhoni yakabatana neatomu imwe chete yehydrogen. Atomu yega yega ekabhoni ine zvisungo zviviri zvinochinjana zvine zvisungo zviviri.
Zvinotevera ndizvo zvinoratidzwa chimiro cheLewis chebenzene:
``
HH
\ /
C = C
/ \
CC
| |
CC
\ /
CC
| |
HH
``
Kugadzikana kwechimiro chebenzene kunotsanangurwa nepfungwa ye resonance, umo nzvimbo dzezvisungo zviviri nezvisungo chimwe chete zvinochinjana muchimiro chiri musanganiswa wezvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zve resonance. Resonance iyi inokonzera delocalization yemaerekitironi eπ mukati merin'i, izvo zvinopawo benzene molecule kugadzikana kwakawedzerwa.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo:
Sarudza zita reIUPAC remusanganiswa unotevera: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3.
Kukurukurirana:
Musanganiswa uyu iketani yekabhoni yakatwasuka ine bazi rimwe chete. Danho rekutanga nderekuona ketani yekabhoni yakareba kupfuura dzose ine maatomu mashanu ekabhoni, zvichipa zita rekuti pentane sehwaro.
Tevere, bazi riri muchimiro cheboka remethyl (-CH3) riri pachikamu chechitatu chekabhoni kubva kumagumo ese, saka tinopa nzvimbo nhamba 3 yebazi iri.
Saka, zita reIUPAC remushonga uyu i3-methylpentane.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo:
Verenga huwandu hwema isomers emuumbi we alkane uchishandisa formula ye molecular C5H12.
Kukurukurirana:
MaAlkanes ane maatomu mashanu ekabhoni (pentane) ane ma isomers akawanda:
1. Pentane (n-pentane):
``
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
``
2. 2-methylbutane (isopentane):
``
CH3
|
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
``
3. 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane):
``
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH3
|
CH3
``
Sezvo pasina mamwe maumbirwo akasiyana ane huwandu hwakafanana hwemaatomu ekabhoni pasina kuchinja kurongeka kweketani yekabhoni kana nzvimbo yeboka remethyl, tine ma isomers matatu chete eC5H12.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4
Mubvunzo:
Dhirowa chimiro che ethanol inosanganiswa (C2H5OH) uye tsanangura hunhu hwayo hunokosha hwemuviri nemakemikari.
Kukurukurirana:
Maumbirwo emusanganiswa we ethanol ndeanotevera:
``
HH
\ |
HCC-OH
| |
HH
``
Hunhu hwe ethanol mumuviri:
1. Ethanol imvura yakajeka, isina ruvara ine hwema hwakasiyana.
2. Pokufashaira kwayo i78.37°C uye pokuomesa kwayo i -114.1°C.
3. Tsime rinonyungudika mumvura nekuda kwekukwanisa kwaro kugadzira hydrogen bonds nemamorekuru emvura.
Hunhu hwemakemikari eethanol:
1. Ethanol inogona kuita nema carboxylic acids kuti igadzire ma esters.
2. Ethanol inogonawo kuoxidation kuita acetaldehyde uye yozopedzisira yava acetic acid.
3. Ethanol inobvira mumhepo, ine murazvo webhuruu usingaonekwe zvakanyanya.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 5
Mubvunzo:
Sarudza magadzirirwo eR/S echiral carbon mumorekuru yelactic acid, ine fomura yemorekuru CH3-CH(OH)-COOH.
Kukurukurirana:
Matanho ekugadzirisa R/S configuration:
1. Kuziva maatomu ekabhoni echiral (stereoisomers) ari mumorekuru. Makabhoni echiral ari mulactic acid ndiwo maatomu ekabhoni akabatana nemapoka e -OH, -COOH, -CH3, uye -H.
2. Sarudza zvinhu zvinokosha zvichibva panhamba yemaatomu (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules): -OH (priority 1), -COOH (priority 2), -CH3 (priority 3), uye -H (priority 4).
3. Ratidza boka rine chinhu chakaderera (-H) kumashure.
4. Tarisa kutevedzana kwemifananidzo kubva pa1 kusvika pa3. Kana ichipesana newachi, magadzirirwo acho ndeaS; kana ichienderana newachi, magadzirirwo acho ndeaR.
Saka, kune lactic acid,
– Chinhu Chinonyanya Kukosha: -OH (1), -COOH (2), -CH3 (3)
- Kurongeka kubva pa1 kusvika pa3 kunotenderera wachi, saka magadzirirwo acho ndeeR.
Saka, lactic acid ine chimiro cheR pa chiral carbon yayo.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa chimiro uye mazita emakemikari eorganic, kunyanya ayo anoumbwa nekabhoni cheni, chinhu chakakosha mu organic chemistry. Chinyorwa chino chinopa mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso nehurukuro, zvichifukidza ma resonance structures, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerization, uye stereoisomer configurations. Zvinotarisirwa kuti hurukuro iyi ichabatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa zviri nani nekushandisa pfungwa dzakakosha mu organic chemistry.
