Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeSemiconductor
Pendauluan
Semiconductor chinhu chine kufambisa magetsi pakati pemuchina wekufambisa magetsi (senge mhangura) nechinodziisa magetsi (senge girazi). Munyika yanhasi, ma semiconductor anoita basa rakakosha sezvo ari iwo zvinhu zvekutanga zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira ma diode, ma transistors, uye ma integrated circuits (ICs). Chinyorwa chino chicharatidza mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso zve semiconductor kubatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa zvakadzama nyaya iyi.
1. Maumbirwo eSemiconductor Crystal
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura chimiro chekristaro chesilicon semiconductors uye mhedzisiro yechimiro ichi pahunhu hwazvo hwemagetsi.
Kukurukurirana: Silicon semiconductors ine chimiro chekristaro chinozivikanwa sediamond cubic crystal. Muchimiro ichi, atomu yega yega yesilicon yakabatana nemaatomu mana esilicon ari pedyo, zvichigadzira chisungo chakasimba. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei pure silicon isina magetsi akawandisa patembiricha yemumba.
Kufambiswa kwemagetsi kwesilicon kunogona kuwedzerwa nekuwedzera tsvina (doping). Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera phosphorus (n-type doping) kuchapa maerekitironi asina kubhadharwa, ukuwo kuwedzera boron (p-type doping) kuchagadzira maburi anoshanda seanotakura chaji yakanaka.
2. Kudhonza Mishonga muSemiconductor
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura musiyano uripo pakati pekushandisa zvinodhaka zvemhando ye n nekushandisa zvinodhaka zve p uye mhedzisiro yazvo pakufambisa kwe semiconductor.
Kukurukurirana: Kuisa doping inzira yekuwedzera tsvina mu semiconductor kuti ichinje hunhu hwayo hwemagetsi. Mukushandisa doping yemhando ye n, maatomu etsvina akawedzerwa anowanzova nemaerekitironi e valence akawanda kupfuura maatomu e silicon (semuenzaniso, phosphorus ine maerekitironi mashanu e valence). Aya maerekitironi ekuwedzera anova maerekitironi akasununguka anogona kubatsira mukufambiswa kwemagetsi, nokudaro achiwedzera kufambiswa kwechinhu chacho.
Kusiyana neizvi, mu p-type doping, maatomu ekusvibiswa ane maerekitironi mashoma e valence pane silicon (semuenzaniso, boron ine maerekitironi matatu e valence). Kushaikwa kwemaerekitironi e valence kunogadzira maburi anoshanda se positive charge carriers. Maburi aya anowedzera conductivity nekubvumira charge kufamba nepakati pekristaro.
3. Mupata weBhendi uye Kufambisa Kwemhepo
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura uye tsanangura pfungwa ye "band gap" uye kuti inokanganisa sei kufambisa kwemagetsi kwema semiconductors.
Kukurukurirana: Band gap isimba rinodiwa kuti maerekitironi atame kubva muvalence band kuenda kuconduction band. Semiconductors ine band gap diki pane insulators, asi yakakura kupfuura conductors.
Muma semiconductors, kana maerekitironi akagamuchira simba rakakwana (semuenzaniso, kubva pakupisa kana ma photon), anogona kusvetukira mukaha webhendi kuenda kubhandi rekufambisa magetsi uye ova maerekitironi akasununguka anogona kutakura magetsi emagetsi. Hukuru hwemukaha webhendi hunoratidza kuti maerekitironi anogona sei kusvetukira kubhandi rekufambisa magetsi:
– MaSemiconductor ane mipata midiki yebhandi (senge silicon, ine mukaha webhandi we ~1.1 eV) zviri nyore kufambisa magetsi patembiricha yakaderera.
– Semiconductors dzine gap rebhendi hombe (senge gallium arsenide, ine gap rebhendi re ~1.4 eV) dzinoda simba rakawanda kuti dzishande, asi dzinogona kushanda zvakanaka mune mamwe mashandisirwo akadai se light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
4.Transistor
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi transistor uye inoshanda sei mumashandisirwo emagetsi?
Kukurukurirana: Transistor chikamu che semiconductor chinoshandiswa kuwedzera kana kushandura masaini emagetsi. Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dze transistors: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) uye field-effect transistors (FETs).
MuBJT, mune zvikamu zvitatu zvemhando yep-type nen-type zvakarongwa (npn kana pnp). Mwenje wemagetsi unopinda mubase (B) unodzora kuyerera kwemagetsi pakati pemuunganidzi (C) ne emitter (E). Panguva imwe chete, muFET, voltage inoshandiswa pagedhi (G) inodzora kuyerera kwemagetsi pakati pedrain (D) nesource (S).
Matransistor anobvumira kuwedzera masaini nekuti shanduko diki mukupinda (base kana gate) dzinogona kukonzera shanduko huru muzvinobuda (collector-emitter kana drain-source). Izvi zvinoita kuti matransistor ave zvinhu zvakakosha mumagetsi, kusanganisira ma amplifiers uye ma logic circuits.
5. Diode
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi diode uye inoshanda sei?
Kukurukurirana: Diode chikamu che semiconductor chinobvumira magetsi kuti afambe nenzira imwe chete. Diode ine p-n junction, inova ndiyo junction pakati pezvinhu zve p-type ne n-type. Kana voltage ikashandiswa munzira yekumberi (anode kuenda ku cathode), magetsi anogona kuyerera zviri nyore. Zvisinei, kana voltage ikashandiswa nenzira yekumashure (cathode kuenda ku anode), resistance yakanyanya ichadzivirira kufamba kwemagetsi.
Izvi zvinoita kuti ma diode abatsire zvikuru mukushandiswa kwakadai sekugadzirisa (izvo zvinoshandura alternating current kuita direct current), kudzivirira macircuit, uye signal switching.
6. Mashandisirwo eSemiconductors muElectronics
Mubvunzo: Taura mamwe mashandisirwo emasemiconductors mu tekinoroji yemazuva ano uye tsanangura mashandiro awo.
Kukurukurirana: Semiconductors inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzetekinoroji yemazuva ano dzinosanganisira:
– Microprocessors neMemory: Kushandiswa kwema transistors muma integrated circuits (ICs) kunobvumira kugadzirwa kwema microprocessors akaomarara uye anoshanda zvakanaka uye ma memory chips.
– Masensa: Masensa eSemiconductor anogona kuona maparamita akasiyana-siyana emuviri akadai sechiedza (photodiodes), tembiricha (thermistors), uye kumanikidzwa (piezoelectric sensors).
– Light Emitting Diode (LED): Mamwe ma semiconductor anogona kuburitsa chiedza kana magetsi emagetsi achifamba nepakati pawo, ayo anoshandiswa muzviratidziro, mwenje, uye zviratidzo.
– Masero Ezuva: Masero emagetsi akaita sesilicon anogadzira magetsi kana akaonekwa nezuva, ayo anoshandiswa mumapaneru ezuva kugadzira simba remagetsi.
Penutup
Kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzema semiconductors pamwe nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana ari kukurukurwa zvichabatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa nyaya yacho uye mashandisirwo e ma semiconductors mu tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisirwa kupa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemabasa, misimboti yekushanda, uye kukosha kwema semiconductors munyika yemagetsi.
