Musoro: Muenzaniso weMibvunzo Yekukurukurirana Pamusoro Pemhinduro dzeMiti kuKuchinja Kwemukati
Pendauluan
Mhinduro dzemiti kukuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza zvemukati chikamu chakakosha chemuviri wezvirimwa, zvichizvibatsira kurarama, kukura, uye kukura. Maitiro aya anowanzo kunonoka asi akakosha pakuchinja kwenguva refu. Kunzwisisa kuti zvirimwa zvinopindura sei shanduko dzemukati hakungopi ruzivo rwebiology yemiti chete asiwo kunoita basa rakakosha mukushandiswa kwekurima nekurima. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko nehurukuro dzine chekuita nemusoro uyu kuti tinzwisise zviri nani.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kudzora Mahormone
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura kuti hormone inonzi auxin inobatsira sei mukukura kwe tropism mumiti.
Kukurukurirana:
Auxin ndeimwe yemahormone akakosha ezvirimwa uye inobatanidzwa mukukura nekukura kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Munyaya yetropism, auxin inoshanda semurevereri wemhinduro kune zvinokonzeresa zvakatipoteredza zvakaita sechiedza (phototropism) uye simba regiravhiti (gravitropism).
Phototropism imhando yekufamba kwemiti ichikura ichishandisa chiedza. Kana chikamu chemuti, senge nhungirwa, chikaiswa chiedza kubva kune rimwe divi, kupararira kweauxin kunova kusina kuenzana. Kuwanda kweAuxin kwakakwira parutivi zvekuti chiedza hachiwanikwe zvakanyanya. Auxin inokurudzira kureba kwemasero, zvichiita kuti divi rine mumvuri rikure nekukurumidza kupfuura divi rine chiedza, zvichiita kuti chirimwa chikotamire kunobva chiedza.
Gravitropism imhinduro yekukura zvichienderana negravitropism. Mugravitropism yakanaka, midzi yemiti inowanzo kukura ichidzika, nepo mugravitropism isina kunaka, mabukira anokura achikwira. Basa reauxin mugravitropism rinosanganisira kugoverwa patsva kwehomoni iyi nekuda kwegravitropism, zvichikonzera mutsauko mumazinga eaxin anokanganisa maitiro ekukura kwemasero.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Kudzora Dumbu
Mubvunzo: Nzira yekutonga stomata inotonga sei kushandiswa kwemvura zvakanaka mumiti?
Kukurukurirana:
Stomata maburi madiki ari pamusoro pemashizha nemadzinde anobatanidzwa mukutsinhana kwegasi uye kudzora kurasikirwa nemvura, kana kuti kufemera. Kuvhurwa nekuvharwa kwestomata kunodzorwa nemasero ekudzivirira anopindura kuchinja kwezvinhu zvemukati nekunze.
Kugona kwezvirimwa kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura kwakakosha kuti zvirarame mukusanaya kwemvura. Masero ekudzivirira dumbu anopindura kuhomoni inonzi abscisic acid (ABA), inogadzirwa kana zvirimwa zvikasangana nekushaikwa kwemvura. Kana zvirimwa zvikapera mvura, huwandu hweABA hunowedzera, zvichiita kuti stomata ivhare kuderedza kurasikirwa nemvura kuburikidza nekufemera.
Izvi zvinosanganisirawo kuyerera kwemaion epotassium (K+) achipinda nekubuda mumasero ekuchengetedza, izvo zvinodzora turgor yavo, kana kuti kuomarara. Maion eK+ paanobuda mumasero ekuchengetedza, mvura inoyererawo ichibuda (osmosis), zvichiita kuti stomata ivhare. Nenzira iyi, zvirimwa zvinokwanisa kugadzirisa transpiration kuti zviwedzere kushandiswa kwemvura zvichienderana nemamiriro emukati uye ezvakatipoteredza.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Kutora nguva yemifananidzo (Photoperiodism)
Mubvunzo: Kurukurai basa re photoperiodism muhupenyu hwemiti inotumbuka.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuona nguva yechiedza (photoperiodism) inzira inotorwa nemiti zvichienderana nenguva yemasikati nehusiku, izvo zvinokanganisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana emuviri, kusanganisira kutumbuka kwemaruva. Zvirimwa zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvichienderana nemhinduro yazvo yechiedza (photoperiodic response): zvirimwa zvemazuva mapfupi, zvirimwa zvemazuva marefu, uye zvirimwa zvisina simba rezuva.
Zvirimwa zvemasikati mapfupi zvinoda husiku hurefu kuti zvitange kutumbuka. Kana husiku hukakanganiswa nechiedza, kutumbuka kunodziviswa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira chrysanthemums ne poinsettias. Kusiyana neizvi, zvirimwa zvemasikati marefu, zvakaita sespinachi negorosi, zvinoda mazuva marefu kuti zvitumbuke. Kune zvirimwa zvisina masikati, kutumbuka hakutsamiri pakureba kwezuva asi kunokanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa.
Maphotoreceptor anonzi phytochromes anoita basa guru mukuita kwephotoperiodism. Maphytochrome anokwanisa kuona shanduko muhurefu hwehusiku uye anokonzeresa nzira dzekutumira zviratidzo dzinopesvedzera kuratidzwa kwemajini ane chekuita nemaruva. Saka, photoperiodism inobvumira zvirimwa kuti zviwirirane nemwaka wazvo wekubereka.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4: Mitinhimira yeCircadian
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi circadian rhythm mumiti uye rhythm iyi inokanganisa sei mabasa ezuva nezuva emiti?
Kukurukurirana:
Muviri we "circadian rhythm" idenderedzwa rehupenyu rinotora maawa makumi maviri nemana rinodzorwa ne "biological watch" yemukati uye rinopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakaita sechiedza nekupisa. Mumiti, mutumbi uyu unodzora maitiro akasiyana-siyana emuviri, anosanganisira photosynthesis, kuvhurika kwedumbu, uye kukura kwemasero.
Muenzaniso wakajeka we circadian rhythm ndeyekuvhurwa nekuvhara kwemashizha. Miti yakawanda inoratidza kufamba kwemashizha, kuvhurika masikati uye kuvharika husiku. Kutenderera uku kunobatsira kugadzirisa photosynthesis uye kuderedza kubuda kwemhepo kana mamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka.
Mitsetse yeCircadian inotemerwa nehurongwa hwemajini nemamorekuru hunozivikanwa se circadian oscillators. Ma "oscillators" aya anodzora wachi ye "circadian", iyo inozodzora kuratidzwa kwemajini ari pasi ayo anotonga mashandiro ezuva nezuva. Saka, mitsetse yeCircadian inobvumira zvirimwa kugadzirisa mashandiro azvo nemaitiro azvo kuti zvienderane nemafambiro ezuva nezuva enzvimbo yazvo.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa kuti zvirimwa zvinopindura sei kana zvachinja mukati memiti kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve biology yemiti uye ecology. Kuburikidza nekutonga kwemahormone, mashandiro emudumbu, photoperiodism, uye circadian rhythms, zvirimwa zvinoratidza shanduko dzinoshamisa kuti zvirarame shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza. Kudzidza mhinduro idzi dzemukati kune mukana wekubatsira mukuvandudza nzira dzekurima nekurima dzinoshanda uye dzinogara kwenguva refu, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuramba uchiongorora nzvimbo iyi zvakanyanya.
