Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana kweFission Reaction
Pendauluan
Kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvakakosha mufizikisi yenyukireya. Kuita uku kunosanganisira kupatsanurwa kwemaatomu anorema kuita akareruka, nekuburitswa kwesimba rakawanda. Iyi nzira ndiyo hwaro hwetekinoroji yekugadzira simba renyukireya nebhomba reatomu. Kunzwisisa maitiro ekuputika, zvese mudzidziso uye mukuita, kwakakosha kune vadzidzi vefizikisi nevanhu vanofarira sainzi yenyukireya. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mienzaniso yakati wandei yekuputika kwekuputika nehurukuro dzavo kutibatsira kunzwisisa pfungwa iyi zviri nani.
Pfungwa huru dzeFission Reactions
Kusangana kwemasero kunogona kutsanangurwa zviri nyore senzira iyo nucleus yeatomu inorema (yakadai seuranium-235 kana plutonium-239) inonwisa neutron yobva yapatsanuka kuita manyuchi maviri kana anopfuura akareruka, nhamba yemanyutsi, uye simba guru. Simba rinoburitswa mukubatana kwemasero rinobva mukusiyana kwehukuru, uko huwandu hushoma hwehukuru hunorasika uye hunoshandurwa kuita simba zvichienderana nemutemo waAlbert Einstein wekuti E=mc².
Maitiro eKupwanya Nyukliya
Kupatsanurwa kwemasero kunowanzo tanga kana atomu inorema yatora neutron yakatsauka. Izvi zvinogadzira isotope isina kugadzikana zvakanyanya, isina kugadzikana zvekuti inopatsanuka pakarepo kuita nuclei dzakareruka, ichiburitsa manyutroni akawanda nesimba rakawanda. Heino muenzaniso wekuita kweuranium-235 fission:
\[
{}^{235}_{92}U + {}^1_0n \rightarrow {}^{141}_{56}Ba + {}^{92}_{36}Kr + 3{}^1_0n + \text{energy}
\]
Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeFission Reaction
Inotevera mienzaniso yakati wandei yemibvunzo ine chekuita ne "fission reactions" inowanzo kuwanikwa muzvidzidzo zvefizikisi yenyukireya pamwe nekukurukurirana kwemhinduro dzayo.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo: Nucleus yeuranium-235 inobata neutron uye inopatsanurwa kuita barium-141, krypton-92, manyutroni matatu, nesimba. Verenga simba rinoburitswa mukuita uku, uchitarisa huwandu hwezvimedu seizvi:
– Huremu ${}^{235}_{92}U = 235.0439299 \ \text{u}$
– Huremu hwemanyutroni $^1_0n = 1.0086649 \ \text{u}$
– Huremu ${}^{141}_{56}Ba = 140.9144060 \ \text{u}$
– Huremu ${}^{92}_{36}Kr = 91.9261730 \ \text{u}$
_Cherechedza: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²._
Kukurukurirana:
1. Huwandu Hwehuwandu Pamberi Pemhinduro:
– Huremu husati hwaitwa huremu hweuranium-235 nenyutron imwe chete:
\[
M_{\text{before}} = 235.0439299 \, \text{u} + 1.0086649 \, \text{u} = 236.0525948 \, \text{u}
\]
2. Huremu Hwese Mushure meKuita:
– Huremu hunotevera reaction huremu hwebarium, krypton, uye manyutroni matatu:
\[
M_{\text{after}} = 140.9144060 \, \text{u} + 91.9261730 \, \text{u} + 3 \times 1.0086649 \, \text{u} = 235.8476727 \, \text{u}
\]
3. Kuchinja kweMisa:
– Kuchinja kwehukuru, kana kurasikirwa nehuremu, ndiko kusiyana kwehukuru husati hwatanga uye huchangobva kuitika:
\[
\Delta m = M_{\text{before}} – M_{\text{after}} = 236.0525948 \, \text{u} – 235.8476727 \, \text{u} = 0.2049221 \, \text{u}
\]
4. Simba Rinoburitswa:
– Simba rinoburitswa, zvichienderana ne equation yaEinstein \(E=mc^2\), rinogona kuverengerwa kubva pakuchinja kwehukuru:
\[
E = \Delta m \nguva 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} = 0.2049221 \, \text{u} \nguva 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} \approx 190.804 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Simba rinoburitswa mu fission reaction ye uranium-235 rinenge 190.804 MeV.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo: Reactor yenyukireya inoburitsa avhareji ye200 MeV yesimba pakuita kwe fission. Kana reactor ikaburitsa 1 GW yesimba (1 gigawatt = $10^9$ W), mangani ma fission reactions anoitika pasekondi?
Kukurukurirana:
1. Simba Rinoburitswa Pakuita Kwese:
- Kupindura kwega kwega kunoburitsa 200 MeV iyo yakaenzana ne:
\[
1 \, \text{MeV} = 1.60218 \times 10^{-13} \, \text{J}, \quad \text{so, } 200 \, \text{MeV} = 200 \times 1.60218 \times 10^{-13} \, \text{J} = 3.20436 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{J}
\]
2. Simba reReactor:
– Simba rinogadzirwa i1 GW, kana $10^9$ W, inova yakaenzana ne $10^9$ J/s.
3. Kuverengwa kweNhamba yeMabatiro:
- Huwandu hwemaitikiro pasekondi hunogona kuverengerwa nekukamura simba rose nesimba pakuita kwese:
\[
\text{Nhamba yemhinduro pasekondi} = \frac{10^9 \, \text{J/s}}{3.20436 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{J/reaction}} = 3.12 \times 10^{19} \, \text{reactions/second}
\]
Saka, zvinenge \(3.12 \kawa 10^{19}\) fission reactions zvinoitika sekondi yega yega kuti zvibudise 1 GW yesimba.
Penutup
Kuburikidza nekunzwisisa nekuverenga, ma "fission reactions" haasi chinhu chakakosha chete mukudzidza fizikisi asiwo ane mashandisirwo akakosha munyika chaiyo. Tekinoroji yesimba renyukireya inotsamira pa "fission reactions", uye kufambira mberi kwese mune tekinoroji iyi kunogona kuunza mabhenefiti akakosha nenjodzi. Nekunzwisisa pfungwa huru uye mashandisirwo adzo kuburikidza nematambudziko ari pamusoro, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kukanganisa kwe "fission reactions" muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mukana unogona kuongororwa zvakanyanya.
