Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Kukurukurirana nezveKudzivirirwa Kwemukati Chaiko (Antigen-Antibody)
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri inzira yakaoma inodzivirira muviri kubva kuzvirwere zvinopinda, zvakaita sebhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye tupukanana. Kune mhando mbiri huru dzekudzivirira muviri: dziviriro isina tsananguro (yekuzvarwa nayo) uye dziviriro chaiyo (inodaptive). Dziviriro chaiyo yemukati, inozivikanwawo semhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inodaptive, inosanganisira masero eB nemasero eT, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwema antibodies mukupindura kune maantigen chaiwo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso uye tichakurukura idzi dziviriro chaiyo yemukati, kunyanya nzira dzekubatana kweantigen-antibody.
Kunzwisisa MaAntigens neMaAntibody
Tisati tatanga kukurukura mibvunzo iyi, ngatitangei tanzwisisa pfungwa yemaantigen nema antibodies.
– Antigen: Molekyumu inoonekwa seyekunze kwemuviri wemuviri uye inokwanisa kukonzera mhinduro yemuviri kumuviri. Kazhinji, iyi ipuroteni kana kuti polysaccharide pamusoro pezvirwere zvakaita semabhakitiriya nemavhairasi.
– Maantibodies (Immunoglobulins): Mapuroteni anogadzirwa nemasero eB achipindura maantigen chaiwo. Maantibodies anoziva uye anosunga maantigen, zvichiratidza kuti hutachiona hunoparadzwa nezvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri wemuviri.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nehurukuro
Inotevera mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo inogona kubatsira kunzwisisa nzira dzekudzivirira mukati, kunyanya kana tichitarisa maantigen-antibody.
Mubvunzo 1:
Tsanangura kuti masero eB anoshandiswa sei uye unoita basa guru mukupindura kwemuviri kumhinduro dzawo.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Kuzivikanwa kweAntigen:
– Masero eB ane mareceptor chaiwo pamusoro pawo anogona kuziva nekusunga kune maantigen chaiwo. Kana antigen yakabatana zvinobudirira, inoratidza kushanda kwesero reB.
2. Maitiro Ekuita Kuti Ishande:
– Kushanda kwemasero eB hakudi chete kubatana kweantigen asiwo rubatsiro kubva kumasero eT anobatsira (Th). Masero eT anobatsira akashandiswa neantigen anopa mamwe masaini (muchimiro che cytokines) kuti ashande zvizere mumasero eB.
3. Kuwanda uye Kusiyanisa:
– Mushure mekuitwa kwemasero ese, masero eB anozowanda, achipatsanurana kuita masero eB ekurangarira uye masero eplasma. Masero eplasma masero anobatsira anogadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere akanangana neantigen iyoyo. Panguva iyi, masero eB ekurangarira anoramba ari mumuviri kuti ape mhinduro inokurumidza uye yakasimba kana antigen imwe chete ikapinda mumuviri mune ramangwana.
4. Kugadzirwa kweAntibody:
– Masero eplasma anotanga kugadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anoenderana neantigen inozivikanwa. Masoja aya anotenderera muropa nelymph, akagadzirira kudzivirira nekubvisa utachiona kana kuti kuuisa panjodzi yekuparadzwa nemamwe masoja ekudzivirira chirwere.
Mubvunzo 2:
Ma antibodies anoita sei basa rekubvisa utachiona nehupfu?
Kukurukurirana:
1. Kusapindirana:
– Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogona kunamira zvakananga pamusoro pemavhairasi/mabhakitiriya kana chepfu, zvichiadzivirira kupinda mumasero emuviri nekuti nzvimbo inosunga utachiona inenge yakavharwa.
2. Kushorwa:
– Kana ma antibodies akabatana pamusoro pehutachiona, anotara chiratidzo chehutachiona kuti chizivikanwe nema phagocytes (akadai se macrophages nema neutrophils) kuitira kuti agone kupatsanurwa uye kuparadzwa.
3. Kugadzirisa Kushanda:
– Mamwe marudzi emasoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogona kumutsa system yekuwedzera, inova mapuroteni akawanda muropa anobatsira kuuraya hutachiona kana kuita kuti pave nephagocytosis.
4. Kubatanidzwa kwemasero:
– Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anokwanisa kukonzera kuungana kana kuungana kwemasero ezvirwere, izvo zviri nyore kumisa kupararira kwezvirwere mumuviri uye zvinoderedzawo kupararira kwezvirwere mumuviri.
Mubvunzo 3:
Ndeupi musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pemasero eT nemasero eB mumhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika? Nyora kufanana kumwe chete nemusiyano mumwe chete.
Kukurukurirana:
- Kuenzana:
– Marudzi maviri aya emasero ndiwo anonyanya kukosha muhurongwa hwekudzivirira muviri hunochinjika, huchiita basa rekuziva nekurangarira maantigen chaiwo. Masero eT nemasero eB ese ane mareceptor chaiwo emaantigen chaiwo pamusoro pawo.
- Musiyano:
– Masero eB anoshanda zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwema antibodies, ayo anogona kutenderera zvakanyanya muropa uye kushanda pazvirwere zviri kunze kweropa.
– Kune rumwe rutivi, masero eT ane mhando mbiri huru dzine mabasa akasiyana: masero eT anobatsira anobatsira kumutsa masero eB uye masero eT anouraya (cytotoxic) anogona kurwisa nekuuraya masero ane utachiona kana masero ebundu zvakananga.
Mubvunzo 4:
Sei kubaiwa nhomba kuchionekwa sekushandisa kwakakodzera kwesimba rekudzivirira muviri?
Kukurukurirana:
Kubaiwa nhomba inzira inoshandisa ndangariro yemuviri yekudzivirira chirwere. Nekuisa antigen isina simba kana isina kushanda mumuviri, immune system inokurudzirwa kuti igadzire mhinduro yekutanga yekudzivirira chirwere, kusanganisira kuumbwa kwemasero ekurangarira B akanangana neantigen yekudzivirira chirwere. Kana munhu akabaiwa nhomba akasangana nehutachiona chaihwo mune ramangwana, muviri wake unogadzirira kugadzira mhinduro yechipiri nekukurumidza uye inoshanda zvichienzaniswa nemunhu asina kubaiwa nhomba.
1. Kudzidziswa kweMemory yeImmunologiya:
- Kuburikidza nekubaiwa majekiseni, masoja emuviri anogadzirira kuziva nekuuraya utachiona chaihwo nekukurumidza.
2. Kuderedzwa kweZvirwere Zvakakomba:
- Nekuwedzera simba rekudzivirira muviri pasina kurwara zvakanyanya, kubaiwa majekiseni kunodzivirira vanhu kubva kuzvirwere zvinogona kuuraya kana zvinoremadza.
Mukupedzisa, kunzwisisa kwakakwana mashandiro ehurongwa hwekudzivirira muviri hunochinjika uye kusangana kweantigen-antibody kwakakosha mubiology nemukurapa. Kunyanya mukudzivirira nekutarisira zvirwere zvinotapukira, ruzivo urwu harungoshandiswi chete mukugadzira mishonga nemajekiseni asiwo runoumba hwaro hwezvinhu zvitsva zvakasiyana-siyana mukurapa zvirwere zve autoimmune nekenza. Kuburikidza nekudzidzira nekukurukura matambudziko, ruzivo urwu runogona kudzikamiswa nekushandiswa zvinobudirira.
