Musoro: Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeDihybrid Cross
Pengantar
Izwi rekuti "dihybrid" rinoreva musanganiswa wevanhu vaviri vakasiyana muhunhu kana majini avanoda, hunhu hwega hwega huine maallele maviri anogona kuwanikwa. Musanganiswa weDihybrid ipfungwa huru muMendelian genetics, zvichitibatsira kunzwisisa kuti hunhu hunopfuudzwa sei kuburikidza nezvizvarwa. Chinyorwa chino chichanyatsoongorora musanganiswa weDihybrid nekupa mienzaniso nehurukuro.
Kunzwisisa Michinjikwa yeDihybrid
Muchinjiko we dihybrid unotarisa pahunhu huviri hwakasiyana. Hunhu hwega hwega hunodzorwa ne alleles mbiri dzinogona kuva dzinotonga kana kuti dzinodzokera shure. Muchinjiko we dihybrid unosanganisira vabereki vane hunhu hwakasiyana uye vanoongorora kugoverwa kwe alleles idzodzo kuvana vavo.
Nheyo dzeMitemo yaMendel
1. Mutemo weKupatsanura: MaAlleles ehunhu hwakati kana jini anopatsanurana kana kupatsanurana zvisina tsarukano panguva yekuumbwa kwegamete, zvekuti gamete yega yega ine allele imwe chete kubva paallele yega yega.
2. Mutemo weKupatsanurwa Kwakazvimirira: Maallele emajini akasiyana achagara nhaka akazvimiririra, zvinoreva kuti kupararira kweallele imwe hakukanganisi kupararira kweallele imwe - kunze kwekunge majini acho akabatana panyama pane chromosome imwe chete.
Magadzirirwo eGenotype uye Phenotype
Muchikamu che dihybrid, tinowanzo sangana nemarudzi mana e gamete, kunyanya kana vabereki vari heterozygous pahunhu hwese. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tiri kusangana nechiitiko chakaomarara chekudyidzana kwe allelic pane muchikamu chimwe chete che monohybrid, chinotarisa pajini rimwe chete.
Fomura yekuona nhamba yemaGametes
Kana munhu wacho ari AaBb, tinogona kushandisa mutemo wekuzvimirira kuti tione huwandu hwema gametes nekuwedzera mukana we allele pair yega yega, tichiwana mhedzisiro 2 x 2 = 4 mhando dzakasiyana dzema gametes, dzinoti AB, Ab, aB, uye ab.
Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeDihybrid Cross
Mubvunzo 1: Kuberekesa mbeu dzakasiyana pakati pembesa mbiri
Zvirimwa zvepizi zvine ma alleles akatenderera (R) uye akakwenya (r), uye zvine ruvara rweyero (Y) kana rwegirini (y). Zvirimwa zviviri, chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwakasiyana (RrYy), zvinosanganiswa. Ndezvipi zvinogoneka kuti pane phenotypic ratios?
Matanho Ekugadzirisa:
1. Sarudza maGametes kubva kuvabereki: Nekuti ese ari maviri ane heterozygous (RrYy), tinogona kuwana mhando ina dzemagametes kubva kune imwe neimwe, dzinoti: RY, Ry, rY, ry.
2. Kushandisa Punnett Square: Nekuisa magametes ese anogoneka mu4×4 Punnett Square, tinogona kuona ma genotypes anogoneka evana.
3. Gadzira Genotype nePhenotype:
– Genotype yakatenderera-yero (R_Y_) Phenotype iRY nedzimwe dzinoisanganisa.
– Mhando yerudzi rweRound-Green (R_yy) ndiyo Ry uye musanganiswa unogona kugadzira izvi.
– Mhando ye genotype ine mitsetse yeyero (rrY_) inonzi rY pamwe chete nemisanganiswa yayo.
– Mhando yeGenotype yakakwinya-yakasvibirira (rryy) inonzi ry pamwe chete nemisanganiswa yayo.
4. Verenga Kuwanda kwePhenotype:
- Verenga mabhokisi ese makuru ezvikamu kuti ufanotaura kuwanda kwezviitiko.
- Pakupedzisira, unowana chiyero chekare cheMendelian che dihybrid cross: 9:3:3:1.
Saka chiyero che phenotypic chinowanikwa kubva pamuchinjiko uyu i9. Yakatenderera-Yero: 3 Yakatenderera-Girini: 3 Yakakwinya-Yero: 1 Yakakwinya-Girini.
Mubvunzo 2: Kuberekesa Mbeu dzeMimwe Miriwo
Chirimwa chine maruva matsvuku (A) anokunda machena (a) uye kureba kwechirimwa (T) kunokunda kupfupika (t). Kana chirimwa chakabatana cheAaTt chikasanganiswa nechirimwa cheaatt, chii chichava mhedzisiro yeF1?
Matanho Ekugadzirisa:
1. Tsanangurai MaGametes Evabereki:
– Mutambo wekutanga wegamete (AaTt) ndiAT, At, aT, kana kuti at.
– Mutambo wechipiri wegamete (aatt) uri pa.
2. Gadzira Dhiagiramu Yemuchinjikwa:
- Sanganisa ma gametes anogona kuwanikwa kubva kumubereki wega wega uchishandisa Punnett Square 4×1.
- Unofanira kuongorora musanganiswa wabuda.
3. Sarudza Musanganiswa weGenotype nePhenotype:
- Sarudza huwandu hwe phenotype hunosanganisira:
– AT-: Dzvuku-Dzepamusoro
– aaT-: Chena-Yakakwirira
– A-tt: Tsvuku-Pfupi
– aatt: Chena-Kapfupi
4. Verenga Kugoverwa kwePhenotypic neGenotypic:
- Tsvaga chiyero chakavakirwa pamisanganiswa ye genotypes inogona kuitika.
Mhedzisiro yacho i1 Red-Tall: 1 Red-Short: 1 White-Tall: 1 White-Short.
Mhedziso
Misanganiswa yeDihybrid inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuti majini akasiyana anogarwa nhaka sei uye anoratidzwa sei muvana. Nekunzwisisa mitemo yaMendel yekuparadzanisa uye kupatsanurana kwakazvimirira, tinogona kutarisira mhedzisiro yemisanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana. Kudzidzira nemuenzaniso wezvinetso, senge izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa, ndiko kunokosha pakunzwisisa zvakadzama pfungwa idzi uye kushandiswa kwadzo kune chokwadi chemajini emiti kana mhuka. Ehe, uku kungori kutanga kwekutsvaga kwakaomarara kwekusiyana kwemajini uye kudyidzana kwemajini muzvisikwa.
