Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inokurukura Kuwanikwa kweNyukireya yeAtomu
Kuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu kwaive chiitiko chakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwefizikisi nekemesitiri. Tisati tapinda mumibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana kwayo, ngationgororei zvishoma nezvenhoroondo yekuti nucleus yeatomu yakawanikwa sei uye vanhu vakakosha vari shure kwekuwanikwa uku.
Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa kweNyukireya yeAtomu
Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemaatomu yakaitwa kubvira kare, apo vazivi vechiGiriki vakaita saDemocritus naLeucippus vakataura kuti zvinhu zvaive netunhu tudiki tusingaparadzanise tunonzi atomos (zvichireva kuti "hatucheki"). Zvisinei, pfungwa yesainzi yeatomu haina kukura kusvika muzana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Muna 1803, John Dalton akagadzira dzidziso yemaatomu achiti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoumbwa nemaatomu erudzi rumwe chete uye kuti maatomu ezvinhu zvakasiyana ane huremu nemaitiro akasiyana. Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi haina kutsanangura chimiro chemukati chemaatomu.
Danho guru rakatevera raive kuwanikwa kwaJ.J. Thomson kwemaerekitironi muna 1897, izvo zvakaratidza kuti maatomu akanga asiri madiki, asingaparadzanise. Thomson akataurawo nezvemuenzaniso we "plum pudding" umo maatomu aiva negungwa re positive charge nemaerekitironi asina kunaka akapararira mukati mese.
Zvisinei, muenzaniso waThomson wakasangana nematambudziko ekuyedza ayo akazogadziriswa naErnest Rutherford. Muna 1911, Rutherford akaita kuyedza kwe alpha particle scattering kunozivikanwa seGeiger-Marsden experiment (kana kuti gold scattering experiment). Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti huwandu hwakawanda hweatomu hwakaungana pakati diki, iyo yakazozivikanwa seatomu nucleus.
Kuedza kwaGeiger-Marsden uye Rutherford Model
Mukuyedza uku, Rutherford akapfura zvidimbu zvealpha (zvakachajwa zvakanaka) muchikamu chegoridhe chakatetepa. Zvizhinji zvezvidimbu zvealpha zvakapfuura nepakati pechikamu chegoridhe zvisina kukanganiswa, asi zvimwe zvakapararira munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, uye zvimwe zvakatodzokera shure. Izvi zvaive mhedzisiro inoshamisa nekuti, zvichienderana nemuenzaniso waThomson we "plum pudding", zvidimbu zvealpha zvaifanira kunge zvakapfuura zvakananga pasina kusimba kwakanyanya.
Rutherford akagumisa kuti maatomu ane nucleus diki, yakakora ine simba guru rekuchaja, nepo huwandu hwakawanda hwevhoriyamu yeatomu iri nzvimbo isina chinhu inogarwa nemaerekitironi. Muenzaniso weatomu waRutherford wakatsiva muenzaniso we "plum pudding" nekuti wakatsanangura zviri nani zviitiko zvakaonekwa mukuyedza.
Equation yaRutherford neAtomic Model yaBohr
Kunyangwe muenzaniso waRutherford wakaunza pfungwa yenucleus yeatomu, wakanga uchiri nezvikanganiso zvakawanda pakutsanangura kugadzikana kweatomu uye maspectra ekubudisa. Muna 1913, Niels Bohr akagadzirisa muenzaniso waRutherford nekukurudzira kuti maerekitironi afambe mumativi akasiyana akatenderedza nucleus uye anogona kungoramba ari mumativi aya asingaburitse mwaranzi. Muenzaniso waBohr wakatsanangura zvakabudirira hydrogen spectrum.
Mushure mezvo, modhi yemaatomu yakavandudzwa zvakanyanya ne quantum mechanics iyo yakapa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaumbirwo eatomu uye maitiro emaerekitironi.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Pazasi pane mimwe mibvunzo nehurukuro pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu uye chimiro cheatomu. Mibvunzo iyi inofukidza pfungwa dzatakambokurukura kare.
Mubvunzo 1: Kuedza Kuparadzira Goridhe
Mubvunzo:
Mukuyedza kwaRutherford, zvidimbu zvealpha zvakapfurwa mufoil yegoridhe zvakapfuura nepakati zvisina kukanganiswa, asi nhamba diki dzakapararira munzira dzakasiyana. Ndezvipi zvingawanikwa kubva mukuyedza uku, uye zvinopikisa sei modhi yaJ.J. Thomson ye "plum pudding"?
Kukurukurirana:
Mhedziso huru yekuedza uku ndeyekuti maatomu ane nzvimbo diki kwazvo, yakakora, ine chaji yakanaka, iyo nucleus. Mhedzisiro yekuedza yakaratidza kuti huwandu hwakawanda hweatomu iri munzvimbo isina chinhu nekuti zvidimbu zvakawanda zvealpha zvinopfuura zvisina kuvharwa. Zvikamu zvealpha zvakapararira zvinoratidza kuvapo kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwechaji yakanaka munucleus, hunokwanisa kuparadzira zvidimbu zvealpha zvine chaji yakanaka.
Kuedza uku kwakapikisa modhi yaThomson ye "plum pudding", iyo yaifunga kuti positive charge yaipararira zvakaenzana muatomu yese. Dai modhi yaThomson yaive yakarurama, alpha particles yaisazopararira nenzira yakaonekwa. Modhi yaRutherford, yakakurudzirwa semugumisiro wekuyedza uku, yaive yakarurama nekuti yaigona kutsanangura mhedzisiro yekupararira kwealpha particles.
Mubvunzo 2: Muenzaniso weAtomu waRutherford
Mubvunzo:
Tsanangura musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pemuenzaniso waThomson we "plum pudding" nemuenzaniso waRutherford weatomu. Rutherford akafanotaura chii nezvekugoverwa kwechaji mukati meatomu?
Kukurukurirana:
Musiyano mukuru pakati pemamodheru maviri aya ndewekugoverwa kwechaji mukati meatomu:
– Modhi yaThomson ye "plum pudding" yaifungidzira kuti maatomu aive mabhora ane chaji yakanaka ane maerekitironi asina kunaka akapararira mukati mawo, akafanana nemazambiringa akasvibira mupudding.
– Muenzaniso waRutherford, kune rumwe rutivi, wakataura kuti positive charge yaive yakaungana munucleus diki, yakakora pakati peatomu, nepo maerekitironi akapararira akatenderedza nucleus munzvimbo yakakura, isina chinhu.
Rutherford akafanotaura kuti chikamu chikuru cheatomu inzvimbo isina chinhu uye kuti nucleus iyi diki, yakakora ndiyo inokonzeresa kupararira kwezvikamu zvealpha.
Mubvunzo 3: Dzidziso yeAtomu yaDalton vs. Rutherford's Atomic Model
Mubvunzo:
Enzanisa dzidziso yeatomu yaDalton nemuenzaniso weatomu waRutherford. Kugadzirwa kwemuenzaniso weatomu uyu kwakabatsira sei kutsanangura chimiro cheatomu zvakadzama?
Kukurukurirana:
Dzidziso yeatomu yaDalton yakataura kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoumbwa nemaatomu emhando imwe chete uye kuti maatomu ezvinhu zvakasiyana ane huremu hwakasiyana uye hunhu hwakasiyana. Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi haina kutsanangura chimiro chemukati chemaatomu.
Muenzaniso weatomu waRutherford wakaunza pfungwa yenucleus yeatomu senzvimbo diki, yakakora, ine chaji yakanaka, ine maerekitironi achifamba-famba munucleus. Kufambira mberi mumuenzaniso uyu kwakabatsira kutsanangura kupararira kwezvidimbu zvealpha uye kwakasimbisa kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwevhoriyamu yeatomu inzvimbo isina chinhu. Iri raive danho guru mukusimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu maumbirwo eatomu uye rakaisa hwaro hwekuwana zvimwe zvinhu mufizikisi yeatomu nekemistri.
Mhedziso
Kuwanikwa kwaErnest Rutherford kwenucleus yeatomu kuburikidza nekuyedza kwaGeiger-Marsden kwakaunza shanduko huru mukunzwisisa kwedu maumbirwo eatomu. Mamodheru eatomu akafambira mberi zvakawanda, kubva kumuenzaniso waThomson we "plum pudding" kusvika kumuenzaniso waBohr uye kupfuura kusvika ku quantum mechanics. Kunzwisisa kwedu nucleus yeatomu uye maitiro emaerekitironi kuri kuramba kuchichinja, zvichipa mufananidzo wakadzama wehunhu hweatomu nezvinhu.
Mienzaniso iri pamusoro inoratidza kuti pfungwa yenucleus yeatomu inogona kuyedzwa sei nekuyedza uye kuti mhando dzakasiyana dzeatomu dzinobatsira sei kutsanangura zviitiko zvakaonekwa. Kunzwisisa kukura kwenhoroondo yedzidziso yeatomu ndicho chinhu chikuru pakukoshesa sainzi yemazuva ano uye mashandisirwo ayo.
